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I Samuel 7

שמואל א׳ ׀ךק ז׳

Section: נביאים · נביאים ךאשונים | Book: I Samuel | Chapter: 7 of 31 | Day: 52 of 742

Date: April 4, 2026


קלאוד על הנ׮ך

I Samuel 7 is the hinge chapter of the book’s first act. Everything that preceded it — the corruption at Shiloh, the Ark’s capture and humiliating journey through Philistia, the destruction of Eli’s house — was demolition. This chapter is reconstruction. Twenty years pass in a single verse (וַי֎֌הְיו֌ מ֎י֌וֹם שֶׁבֶת ה֞א֞ךוֹן בְ֌ק֎ךְיַת יְע֞ך֎ים וַי֎֌ךְב֌ו֌ הַי֞֌מ֎ים וַי֎֌הְיו֌ עֶשְׂך֎ים שׁ֞נ֞ה), and in that silence the nation slowly turns. The text says “all the House of Israel yearned after God” (וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌ כׇ֌ל בֵ֌ית י֎שְׂך֞אֵל אַחֲךֵי ה’), a rare and evocative verb whose precise meaning the commentators debate — Rashi renders it as mourning or lamenting, while the Radak understands it as a collective turning of the heart. Either way, the twenty years of the Ark’s quiet residence in the house of Abinadab on the hill at Kiriath-jearim were not wasted time but the slow ripening of a national repentance.

Samuel seizes this moment with the authority of a true prophet-judge. His demand is uncompromising: if Israel means to return to God “with all your heart” (בְ֌כׇל לְבַבְכֶם), they must first remove the alien gods — the Baalim and Ashtaroth — from their midst. There is no shortcut, no magical thinking of the kind that sent the Ark to battle in chapter 4. Samuel insists on inner transformation before external deliverance: “direct your heart to God, who alone you should serve, and then you will be delivered from the hands of the Philistines” (וְה֞כ֎ינו֌ לְבַבְכֶם אֶל ה’ וְע֎בְדֻהו֌ לְבַד֌וֹ וְיַ׊ֵ֌ל אֶתְכֶם מ֎יַ֌ד ׀ְ֌ל֎שְׁת֎֌ים). The people obey, and Samuel assembles all Israel at Mizpah for a day of fasting, water-libation, and public confession: “We have sinned against God” (ח֞ט֞אנו֌ לַה’). The Radak explains that the pouring of water symbolized the outpouring of their hearts in repentance, a total emptying of self before God.

The Philistines, hearing of the assembly, march to attack — and here the contrast with chapter 4 could not be sharper. In that earlier battle, Israel went out armed with the Ark and false confidence. At Mizpah, the people have no Ark, no military plan, and no bravado. Instead, terrified, they beg Samuel: “Do not neglect us and do not refrain from crying out to the Eternal our God” (אַל תַ֌חֲךֵשׁ מ֎מֶ֌נ֌ו֌ מ֎זְ֌עֹק אֶל ה’ אֱלֹהֵינו֌). Samuel offers a suckling lamb as a whole burnt offering and cries out to God, and God answers — not through the Ark, not through a priest, but through thunder. The divine thunder throws the Philistines into confusion, and Israel pursues them to a point below Beth-car. The victory is entirely God’s; Israel merely follows where the rout leads.

Samuel marks the site by setting up a stone between Mizpah and Shen, naming it Eben-ezer — “Stone of Help” — with the words “up to now God has helped us” (עַד הֵנ֞֌ה עֲז֞ך֞נו֌ ה’). The name is a deliberate echo of the Eben-ezer where Israel was defeated in chapter 4, a geographical and spiritual redemption of the very place of catastrophe. The chapter closes with a portrait of Samuel’s peacetime leadership: a circuit judge traveling annually between Bethel, Gilgal, and Mizpah, then returning home to Ramah where he built an altar to God. The Philistines are subdued, lost territory is restored, and there is peace even with the Amorites. It is an idealized picture of theocratic governance — prophet, judge, and intercessor rolled into one — and its very perfection sets the stage for the crisis of chapter 8, when the people will demand a king “like all the other nations” and reject the model that Samuel embodies.


׀ךק ז׳ · Chapter 7

׀סוק א׳ · Verse 1

Hebrew:

וַי֌֞בֹ֜או֌ אַנְשֵׁ֣י ׀ ק֎ךְיַ֣ת יְע֞ך֎֗ים וַ֜י֌ַעֲלו֌֙ אֶת֟אֲך֣וֹן יְהֹו֞֔ה וַי֌֞ב֎֣או֌ אֹת֔וֹ אֶל֟ב֌ֵ֥ית אֲב֎ינ֞ד֖֞ב ב֌ַג֌֎בְע֑֞ה וְאֶת֟אֶלְע֞ז֞րך ב֌ְנוֹ֙ ק֎ד֌ְשׁ֔ו֌ ל֎שְׁמֹ֖ך אֶת֟אֲך֥וֹן יְהֹו֞֜ה׃ {×€}

English:

The inhabitants of Kiriath-jearimainhabitants of Kiriath-jearim I.e., a delegation of its inhabitants. came and took up the Ark of GOD and brought it into the house of Abinadab on the hill; and they consecrated his son Eleazar to have charge of the Ark of GOD.

Following the Ark's traumatic journey through Philistia, the men of Kiriath-jearim bring it to the house of Abinadab on the hill and consecrate his son Eleazar as its guardian. Rashi explains that 'consecrated' here means 'designated' or 'appointed,' while Radak and Metzudat David clarify that Eleazar's role was to keep the Ark in a state of purity and to ensure no unauthorized person approached it. The Ark will remain in this quiet obscurity for twenty years -- a striking contrast to its former centrality at Shiloh.
ךש׎יRashi
They appointed. Designated.", hebrewText: "ק֎דְ֌שׁו֌. ז֎מְ֌נו֌:
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "בגבעה. אשך בגבעה, והוא שם מקום בקךית יעךים: קדשו. הזמינו לשמוך את הא׹ון, לבל יבוא מי לךאותו, ולכבד ולךבץ ל׀ניו:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "אל בית אבינדב בגבעה. ׀יךוש אשך בגבעה וכמוהו ׹בים וא׀שך שגבעה זו בתוך קךית יעךים והיה בעיך אבינדב אח׹ ל׀יכך הודיע כי לבית אבינדב שהיה יושב בגבעה הביאו הא׹ון: קדשו. כתךגומו זמינו: לשמוך את א׹ון ה'. לשמוך הבית שהיה בו הא׹ון שיהיה בטה׹ה ולכבד ולךבץ ל׀ני הא׹ון:

׀סוק ב׳ · Verse 2

Hebrew:

וַיְה֎֗י מ֎י֌֞וֹם שֶׁրבֶת ה֞א֞ךוֹן֙ ב֌ְק֎ךְיַ֣ת יְע֞ך֎֔ים וַי֌֎ךְב֌ו֌֙ הַי֌֞מ֎֔ים וַי֌֎הְי֖ו֌ עֶשְׂך֎֣ים שׁ֞נ֑֞ה וַי֌֎נ֌֞ה֛ו֌ כ֌ׇל֟ב֌ֵ֥ית י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֖ל אַחֲךֵ֥י יְהֹו֞֜ה׃ {ס}        

English:

A long time elapsed from the day that the Ark was housed in Kiriath-jearim, twenty years in all; and all the House of Israel yearned afterbyearned after Meaning of Heb. uncertain. GOD.

Twenty years pass in a single verse, during which all of Israel slowly turns back toward God. The key verb vayinnahu is debated by the commentators: Rashi offers multiple readings -- drawing or being attracted (from Aramaic), lamentation, or gathering -- while Radak suggests they wept and returned in complete repentance, recognizing from the Ark's story that God alone is sovereign. Metzudat David reads it as mourning and regretting their evil deeds throughout the entire twenty-year period. This verse is the emotional pivot of the chapter, showing that national repentance was not sudden but a slow, painful ripening.
ךש׎יRashi
From the time the Ark came to rest in Kiryas Yearim. And they saw the retribution which befell them because of the sin of Eili's family, and the mighty deed which the Holy One, Blessed is He, had visited upon the Philistines. The house 
 was drawn after Adonoy. Through Shmuel who would travel from city to city, judging and reproving them. וַי֎נ֌֞הו֌' is an expression of drawing; in Aramaic, 'ת֌֎ת֌ְנֵהו֌ לְ׀ו֌לְח֞נ֎י' [they were drawn after My worship]. And similarly 'וְלֹא נֹה֌ַ ב֌֞הֶם' it is no use to attract them to good.1 Yechezkeil 7:11. Menachem classifies 'וַי֎נ֌֞הו֌' as an expression of lamentation, as in 'נְה֮י נ֮הְי־ה' [a lament has come to be].2Michoh 2:4. And similarly 'וְלֹא נֹה֌ַ ב֌֞הֶם' [is rendered as, 'and they will have no remorse']. And the meaning of 'וַי֎נ֌֞הו֌ אַחֲךֵי ה' is, "they lamented their evil deeds, and returned after 'ה." Another explanation is that 'וַי֎נ֌֞הו֌' means 'and they gathered,' as in, "And all the nations will be gathered into it [Yerusholayim]"3Yirmiyohu 3:17. which the Targum renders, "And all nations will gather into it to worship." In this manner, the verse 'וְלֹא נֹה֌ַ ב֌֞הֶם' may be rendered לֹא מֵהֶם "neither from them," וְלֹא מֵהֲמוֹנ֞ם "nor from their multitude וְלֹא [מ֮]נֹה֌ַ [שֶׁ]ב֌֞הֶם meaning nor from their gathering.", hebrewText: "מ֎י֌וֹם שֶׁבֶת ה֞א֞ךוֹן בְ֌ק֎ךְיַת יְע֞ך֎ים. וְך֞או֌ הַ׀֌ו֌ךְע֞נו֌ת שֶׁב֞֌א עֲלֵיהֶם בַ֌עֲוֹן בֵ֌ית עֵל֎י, וְאֶת הַגְ֌בו֌ך֞ה שֶׁע֞שׂ֞ה הַק֞֌דוֹשׁ ב֞֌ךו֌ךְ הו֌א בַ֌׀ְ֌ל֎שְׁת֎֌ים: וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌ וְגוֹ׳ אַחֲךֵי ה׳. עַל יְדֵי שְׁמו֌אֵל, שֶׁה֞י֞ה מְחַזֵ֌ך מֵע֎יך לְע֎יך, וְשׁוֹ׀ְט֞ם ו֌מוֹכ֎יח֞ם: וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌. לְשׁוֹן הַמְשׁ֞כ֞ה הו֌א, ו֌לְשׁוֹן אֲך֞מ֎י הו֌א: ת֎֌תְ֌נֵהו֌ לְ׀ו֌לְח֞נ֎י, וְכֵן ׎וְלֹא × Ö¹×”Ö·ÖŒ ב֞֌הֶם׎ (יחזקאל ז:יא), אֵין ב֞֌הֶם ת֌וֹעֶלֶת לְמ֞שְׁכ֞ם אֶל הַט֌וֹב. ו֌מְנַחֵם ח֎בְ֌ךוֹ ׎וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌׎ לְשׁוֹן יְל־ל־ה, כְ֌מוֹ ׮נְה֮י נ֮הְי־ה׮ (מיכה ב:ד), וְכֵן ׎וְלֹא × Ö¹×”Ö·ÖŒ ב֞֌הֶם׎ (יחזקאל ז:יא), ו֌׀ֵיךו֌שׁ ׎וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌ אַחֲךֵי ה׳׎, שֶׁה֎תְאַבְ֌לו֌ עַל מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם ה֞ך֞ע֎ים וְשׁ֞בו֌ אַחֲךֵי ה׳. ל֞שׁוֹן אַחֵך: ׎וַי֎֌נ֞֌הו֌׎ כְ֌מוֹ ׎וְי֎תְאַסְ֌׀ו֌ וְנ֎קְוו֌ אֵלֶיה֞ כ֞֌ל הַג֌וֹי֎ם׎ (י׹מיהו ג:יז), מְתַךְגְ֌מ֎ינ֞ן: ׎וְי֎תְנַהוֹן לְמ֎׀ְלַח ב֞֌ה֌ כ֞֌ל עַמְמַי֞֌א׎, וְי֎הְיֶה מ֎זֶ֌ה ה֞ע֎נְי֞ן גַ֌ם כֵ֌ן ׎וְלֹא × Ö¹×”Ö·ÖŒ ב֞֌הֶם׎ (יחזקאל ז:יא), כְ֌ע֎נְי֞ן שֶׁא֞מַך ׎לֹא מֵהֶם וְלֹא מֵהֲמוֹנ֞ם וְלֹא מ֎נֹ֌הַ֌ שֶׁב֞֌הֶם׎, כְ֌לוֹמַך וְלֹא מ֎ק֎֌ב֌ו֌ץ שֶׁל֞֌הֶם (ס׀ךים אח׹ים אינו):
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "מיום. ׹שה לומ׹: מהתחלת שבת הא׹ון וכל הימים ה׹בים שהיו במס׀ך עשךים שנה אשך ישב שם, בכל הזמן ההוא נהו ויללו ישךאל להתחךט על מעשיהם אשך לא טובים ושבו, ללכת אח׹י ה׳:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "וינהו. י"מ לשון נהו כלומ׹ בכו וחז׹ו בתשובה שלימה כי ׹או דב׹ הא׹ון וקדושתו והיה להם לאות גדול כי ה' הוא האלהים ונתחךטו על אלהי הנכ׹ שהיו עובדים ויש מ׀ךשים מתךגום ונקוו אליה ויתנהון וכן ת"י וינהו ואיתנהיאו כלומ׹ כלם נאס׀ו אח׹יו ועבדוהו לבדו כמו שאמך ויעבדו את ה' לבדו אח׹ שהסיךו הבעלים והעשתךות ובעךו כל זכ׹ עבודת אלילים:

׀סוק ג׳ · Verse 3

Hebrew:

וַי֌ֹ֣אמֶך שְׁמו֌אֵ֗ל אֶל֟כ֌ׇל֟ב֌ֵ֣ית י֎שְׂך֞אֵלᅵᅵ לֵאמֹך֒ א֎ם֟ב֌ְכׇל֟לְבַבְכֶ֗ם אַת֌ֶրם שׁ֞ב֎ים֙ אֶל֟יְהֹו֞֔ה ה֞ס֎֜יךו֌ אֶת֟אֱלֹהֵ֧י הַנ֌ֵכ֛֞ך מ֎ת֌וֹכְכֶ֖ם וְה֞עַשְׁת֌֞ך֑וֹת וְה֞כ֎֚ינו֌ לְבַבְכֶրם אֶל֟יְהֹו֞ה֙ וְע֎בְדֻ֣הו֌ לְבַד֌֔וֹ וְיַ׊֌ֵ֥ל אֶתְכֶ֖ם מ֎י֌ַ֥ד ׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֜ים׃

English:

And Samuel said to all the House of Israel, “If you mean to return to GOD with all your heart, you must remove the alien gods and the Ashtarothcthe Ashtaroth Objects used in worship of the goddess Ashtoreth. from your midst and direct your heart to GOD, who alone you should serve. Then you will be delivered from the hands of the Philistines.”

Samuel seizes the moment of national yearning and sets a clear condition: if Israel's return is sincere -- 'with all your heart' -- they must first purge the foreign gods (Baalim and Ashtaroth) from their midst. Metzudat David emphasizes that Samuel demands total removal and exclusive worship without any syncretism. This is the antithesis of chapter 4's approach, where Israel carried the Ark into battle as a magical talisman without any inner transformation. Samuel insists that repentance must precede deliverance.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "הסיךו. מכל וכל: לבדו. בלא שתוף:

׀סוק ד׳ · Verse 4

Hebrew:

וַי֌֞ס֎֙יךו֌֙ ב֌ְנֵ֣י י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֔ל אֶת֟הַב֌ְע֞ל֎֖ים וְאֶת֟ה֞עַשְׁת֌֞ךֹ֑ת וַי֌ַעַבְד֥ו֌ אֶת֟יְהֹו֖֞ה לְבַד֌֜וֹ׃ {×€}

English:

And the Israelites removed the Baalim and Ashtaroth and they served GOD alone.

The people's immediate obedience marks this as a genuine turning point. They remove both the Baalim (male Canaanite deities) and the Ashtaroth (female fertility goddesses) and commit to serving God exclusively. The brevity of this verse -- just one sentence for what must have been a wrenching cultural transformation -- underscores the text's emphasis on decisive action. Throughout the book of Judges, Israel repeatedly fell into cycles of idolatry and repentance; here, Samuel's prophetic authority achieves what the judges could not sustain.

׀סוק ה׳ · Verse 5

Hebrew:

וַי֌ֹ֣אמֶך שְׁמו֌אֵ֔ל ק֎בְ׊֥ו֌ אֶת֟כ֌ׇל֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֖ל הַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֑֞ת֞ה וְאֶתְ׀֌ַל֌ֵ֥ל ב֌ַעַדְכֶ֖ם אֶל֟יְהֹו֞֜ה׃

English:

Samuel said, “Assemble all Israel at Mizpah, and I will pray to GOD for you.”

Samuel calls a national assembly at Mizpah, a site with deep significance for Israelite gatherings (cf. Judges 20-21). Radak explains that Mizpah had an established altar and house of prayer, connected to the great victory Joshua won there against the Canaanite kings. Samuel promises to pray on Israel's behalf, positioning himself as intercessor -- a role that combines prophet, judge, and priest, and defines his unique leadership throughout this chapter.
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "קבשו את כל ישךאל המ׊׀תה. כב׹ ׀יךשתי בס׀ך יהושע למה היה מנהג ישךאל להקבץ מ׊׀תה ושם מזבח ובית ת׀לה כי שם היתה תשועה גדולה בהלחם יהושע עם המלכים, ובדךש אמך ׹בי סימון וכי שילה היא המ׊׀תה או המ׊׀תה היא שילה אלא ×›×™×€×” יושאה מתחומו של בנימין לתחומו של יוסף ועליה בית המקדש של שילה נתון, ותמה אני מזה הדךש וכי מה לה' אשל שילה והלא ח׹ב משכן שילה מיום שגלה הא׹ון ומעת שבא הא׹ון לקךית יעךים הביאו אהל מועד אל נוב וכן אמך בסדך עולם בתחילת כ' שנה הביאו את אהל מועד לנוב:

׀סוק ו׳ · Verse 6

Hebrew:

וַי֌֎ק֌֞בְ׊֣ו֌ הַ֠מ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֞֠ת֞ה וַי֌֎֜שְׁאֲבו֌֟מַ֜י֎ם וַ֜י֌֎שְׁ׀֌ְכ֣ו֌ ׀ ל֎׀ְנֵ֣י יְהֹו֞֗ה וַי֌֞׊֙ו֌מו֌֙ ב֌ַי֌֣וֹם הַה֔ו֌א וַי֌ֹ֣אמְךו֌ שׁ֞֔ם ח֞ט֖֞אנו֌ לַ֜יהֹו֑֞ה וַי֌֎שְׁ׀֌ֹ֧ט שְׁמו֌אֵ֛ל אֶת֟ב֌ְנֵ֥י י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֖ל ב֌ַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֞֜ה׃

English:

They assembled at Mizpah, and they drew water and poured it out before GOD; they fasted that day, and there they confessed that they had sinned against GOD. And Samuel acted as chieftain of the Israelites at Mizpah.

The assembly at Mizpah involves three acts of repentance: drawing and pouring water, fasting, and public confession. The water-pouring ritual is enigmatic -- Targum Yonatan, cited by both Rashi and Radak, interprets it as pouring out their hearts in repentance 'like water before God.' Metzudat David reads it as tears of remorse. Rashi adds that Samuel also judged monetary disputes between litigants, because complete repentance requires rectifying wrongs between people, not only between humanity and God. This verse establishes Samuel as Israel's undisputed leader at Mizpah.
ךש׎יRashi
They drew water and poured it out.4Perhaps as Dovid did in II Shmuel 23:16. Targum Yonoson renders, "and they poured out their hearts like water, in repentance, before '."5See Eichah 2:19.ה And according to its simple meaning, it is merely symbolic of humility, [i. e.,] we are before You like these poured out waters.6Water may also be referring to the Torah which is often compared to water. By filling their hearts with Torah, the Bnei Yisroel were able to recognize their sins, feel the need to change their ways and return to 'ה. Shmuel judged. Between two litigants regarding monetary matters between them,7People sought to cleanse themselves of sins that had been committed between their fellow man. They first had to rectify their misdeeds. They therefore went to Shmuel, for him to judge them and to determine who owed what to whom and what wrongs had to be corrected. or concerning sins which they had committed.", hebrewText: "וַי֎֌שְׁאֲבו֌ מַי֎ם וַי֎֌שְׁ׀ְ֌כו֌. ת֎֌ךְגֵ֌ם יוֹנ֞ת֞ן: ׎ו֌שְׁ׀֎יכו֌ ל֎בְ֌הוֹן ב֎֌תְיו֌בְת֞֌א כְ֌מַי֞֌א קֳד֞ם ה׳׎. ו֌לְ׀֎י מַשְׁמ֞עוֹ, אֵינוֹ אֶל֞֌א ס֎ימַן ×”Ö·×›Ö°× Öž×¢Öž×”, הֲךֵי א֞נו֌ לְ׀֞נֶיך֞ כְ֌מַי֎ם הַל֞֌לו֌ הַנ֎֌שְׁ׀֞֌כ֎ין: וַי֎֌שְׁ׀ֹ֌ט שְׁמו֌אֵל. בֵ֌ין א֎ישׁ לְךֵעֵהו֌, עַל ע֎סְקֵי מ֞מוֹן שֶׁבֵ֌ינֵיהֶם, אוֹ עַל ע֎סְקֵי עֲבֵיך֞ה שֶׁע֞בְךו֌:
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "וישאבו מים. ׹שה לומ׹: התעוךךו לשאוב ולהזיל מי דמע, וש׀כו בת׀לה ל׀ני ה׳: ויש׀וט. בדב׹ים שבין אדם לחבי׹ו:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "וישאבו מים ויש׀כו ל׀ני ה'. תךגום יונתן וש׀יכו לבהון בתיובתא כמיא קדם ה' ויתכן ל׀ךש שש׀כו מים ל׀ני ה' סימן לכ׀ךת עונות על ד׹ך כמים עבךו תזכוך: ויש׀ט שמואל. שמואל העניש כל אחד ל׀י עונו כי שם התודו עונותיהם:

׀סוק ז׳ · Verse 7

Hebrew:

וַיᅵᅵ֎שְׁמְע֣ו֌ ׀ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֗ים כ֌֎֜י֟ה֎תְקַב֌ְ׊րו֌ בְנֵ֜י֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵל֙ הַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֞֔ת֞ה וַי֌ַעֲל֥ו֌ סַךְנֵ֜י֟׀ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֖ים אֶל֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֑ל וַ֜י֌֎שְׁמְעו֌֙ ב֌ְנֵ֣י י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֔ל וַי֌֎֜ךְא֖ו֌ מ֎׀֌ְנֵ֥י ׀ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֜ים׃

English:

When the Philistines heard that the Israelites had assembled at Mizpah, the lords of the Philistines marched out against Israel. Hearing of this, the Israelites were terrified of the Philistines

The Philistine lords (seranim) interpret Israel's religious assembly as a military mobilization and march to attack. Metzudat David notes they assumed the gathering was preparation for war. Israel's terror is significant: unlike in chapter 4, where they fought with false confidence backed by the Ark, here the people are genuinely afraid and have no military strategy. This vulnerability becomes the precondition for authentic reliance on God rather than on symbols or strength.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "ויעלו. להלחם בם, כי חשבו שנתקב׊ו ישךאל ל׊את למלחמה:

׀סוק ח׳ · Verse 8

Hebrew:

וַי֌ֹאמְךրו֌ בְנֵ֜י֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵל֙ אֶל֟שְׁמו֌אֵ֔ל אַל֟ת֌ַחֲךֵ֣שׁ מ֎מ֌ֶ֔נ֌ו֌ מ֎ז֌ְעֹ֖ק אֶל֟יְהֹו֣֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֑ינו֌ וְיֹשׁ֎עֵ֖נו֌ מ֎י֌ַ֥ד ׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֜ים׃

English:

and they implored Samuel, “Do not neglect us and do not refrain from crying out to the ETERNAL our God to save us from the hands of the Philistines.”

In their terror, the Israelites plead with Samuel not to stop praying for them. Metzudat David explains that 'do not be silent from us' means 'do not withhold from us the good that comes from crying out to God.' Radak notes the grammatical form of the verb is unusual. The people's request shows a radical transformation: in chapter 4 they turned to the Ark as a talisman; here they turn to a prophet's prayer. They have learned that deliverance comes through genuine relationship with God, not through ritual objects.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "אל תחךש ממנו. אל תשתוק מהדב׹ אשך היא טובה לנו, והוא מזעוק אל ה׳ להושיענו:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "אל תחךש ממנו. מבנין ה׀עיל והוא ׀ועל עומד וכן החךישו ממני וכן ׹וב ה׀על הזה בבנין ה׀עיל הוא ׀ועל עומד:

׀סוק ט׳ · Verse 9

Hebrew:

וַי֌֎ק֌ַ֣ח שְׁמו֌אֵ֗ל טְלֵրה ח־ל־ב֙ אֶח֞֔ד (ויעלה) [וַי֌ַ֜עֲלֵ֧הו֌] עוֹל֛֞ה כ֌֞ל֎֖יל לַיהֹו֑֞ה וַי֌֎זְעַ֚ק שְׁמו֌אֵրל אֶל֟יְהֹו֞ה֙ ב֌ְעַ֣ד י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֔ל וַ֜י֌ַעֲנֵ֖הו֌ יְהֹו֞֜ה׃

English:

Thereupon Samuel took a suckling lamb and sacrificed it as a whole burnt offering to GOD; and Samuel cried out to GOD on behalf of Israel, and GOD responded to him.

Samuel offers a suckling lamb as a whole burnt offering and cries out to God, who responds. Rashi highlights a textual anomaly: the ketiv (written form) uses a feminine suffix, suggesting the animal was female, from which the Sages in Avodah Zarah 24b derived that a female animal is valid for a burnt offering on a private altar. Radak explains that God's response may have come either through fire descending from heaven upon the offering, or through the thunder that immediately follows. Metzudat David sees the divine fire as confirmation that the offering was accepted and that victory was assured.
ךש׎יRashi
And offered it all as a burnt offering. The כ֌ְת֎יב is 'וַיַעֲלֶה֞' because it was a female.8Although the קְ׹֮י is in the male form. From here our Rabbis deduced that a female animal is acceptable as a burnt offering on a private altar.9", hebrewText: "וַיַ֌עֲלֶה עוֹל֞ה. וַיַ֌עֲלֶה֞ כְ֌ת֎יב, נְקֵב֞ה ה֞יְת֞ה, מ֎כ֞֌אן ל֞מְדו֌ ךַב֌וֹתֵינו֌: עוֹל֞ה נְקֵב֞ה כְ֌שֵׁך֞ה בְ֌ב֞מַת י־ח֮יד, בְ֌מַסֶ֌כֶת עֲבוֹד֞ה ז־׹־ה (כד ב):
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "טלה חלב. ׹שה לומ׹: עודו יונק החלב: ויענהו ה׳. ׹שה לומ׹: ׹אה שנתקבלה ב׹שון, כי י׹דה האש ושך׀ה את העולה, והיה בטוח בתשועה:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "טלה חלב. שהיה יונק עדיין: ויעלה עולה. כן כתיב וק׹י ויעלהו ודךשו ךבותינו ז"ל הכתיב ואמ׹ו ויעלה כתיב שהיתה נקבה ומכאן סמכו שעולת נקבה כשךה בבמת יחיד וקבלו גם כן כי ז׹ מק׹יב בבמת יחיד כי משחךב משכן שילה ובאו להם לנוב הותךו הבמות כל זמן שהיה אהל מועד בנוב וגבעון עד שנבנה בית עולמים שנאסךו ושוב לא היה להם היתך ואמ׹ו אין הבמה נתךת אלא על ידי נביא כי שמואל העלה ךאשון בבמת יחיד משחךב משכן שילה וכן בגלגל יהושע העלה בבמת יחיד ךאשון שנאמך אז יבנה יהושע: ויענהו ה'. א׀שך ×¢"י אש שיךדה מן השמים על העולה או על ידי הךעם שהךעים בקול גדול על ׀לשתים להבהילם וכאשך נשמע הךעם אז ידע כי ענהו ה':

׀סוק י׮ · Verse 10

Hebrew:

וַיְה֎րי שְׁמו֌אֵל֙ מַעֲלֶ֣ה ה֞עוֹל֞֔ה ו֌׀ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֣ים נ֎ג֌ְשׁ֔ו֌ לַמ֌֎לְח֞מ֖֞ה ב֌ְי֎שְׂך֞אֵ֑ל וַי֌ַךְעֵ֣ם יְהֹו֣֞ה ב֌ְקוֹל֟ג֌֞֠ד֠וֹל ב֌ַי֌֚וֹם הַהրו֌א עַל֟׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎ים֙ וַיְהֻמ֌ֵ֔ם וַי֌֎נ֌֞גְ׀֖ו֌ ל֎׀ְנֵ֥י י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֜ל׃

English:

For as Samuel was presenting the burnt offering and the Philistines advanced to attack Israel, GOD thundered mightily against the Philistines that day, throwing them into confusion; and they were routed by Israel.

The timing is dramatic: while the offering is still on the altar and the Philistines are closing in, God intervenes with mighty thunder that throws the enemy into panic and confusion. Metzudat David emphasizes that the Philistines were routed before Israel even engaged in battle -- the defeat was entirely God's doing. This stands in deliberate contrast to the battle of chapter 4, where Israel brought the Ark but God did not fight for them. Here, without the Ark but with genuine repentance and prayer, God himself becomes their warrior.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "ויךעם ה׳. הביא עליהם ךעם בקול גדול ויהם אותם, ועל ידי זה נג׀ו ל׀ני בוא ישךאל למלחמה:

׀סוק י׮א · Verse 11

Hebrew:

וַי֌ֵ֚׊ְא֜ו֌ אַנְשֵׁրי י֎שְׂך֞אֵל֙ מ֎ן֟הַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֞֔ה וַ֜י֌֎ךְד֌ְ׀֖ו֌ אֶת֟׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֑ים וַי֌ַכ֌֕ו֌ם עַד֟מ֎ת֌ַ֖חַת לְבֵ֥ית כ֌֞֜ך׃

English:

The men of Israel sallied out of Mizpah and pursued the Philistines, striking them down to a point below Beth-car.

After God's thunder routs the Philistines, Israel's men pursue and strike them as far as Beth-car. Rashi identifies Beth-car with Beth-sharon, while both Radak and Rashi connect the name to 'the tooth of the rock' (shen ha-sela). Metzudat David notes that Israel struck the Philistines along the entire route of their retreat. The pursuit is significant: Israel's role is to follow up on God's decisive intervention, not to win the battle through their own military prowess.
ךש׎יRashi
Until below Beis Kor. Below Beis Sharon.", hebrewText: "מ֎תַ֌חַת לְבֵית כ֞֌ך. ׎מ֎לְ֌ךַע לְבֵית שׁ֞ךוֹן׎:
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "וישאו. אח׹ זה ישאו מן המ׊׀ה וךד׀ו אח׹יהם: עד מתחת. הכום בכל הד׹ך אשך ךד׀ום, עד בואם מתחת לבית כ׹:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "לבית כ׹. ת"י לבית שךון כמו כ׹ נ׹חב:

׀סוק י׮ב · Verse 12

Hebrew:

וַי֌֎ק֌ַ֚ח שְׁמו֌אֵ֜ל אֶ֣בֶן אַחַ֗ת וַי֌֞րשֶׂם ב֌ֵ֜ין֟הַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֞ה֙ ו֌בֵ֣ין הַשׁ֌ֵ֔ן וַי֌֎קְך֥֞א אֶת֟שְׁמ֖֞ה֌ אֶ֣בֶן ה֞ע֑֞זֶך וַי֌ֹאמַ֕ך עַד֟הֵ֖נ֌֞ה עֲז֞ך֥֞נו֌ יְהֹו֞֜ה׃

English:

Samuel took a stone and set it up between Mizpah and Shen,dShen Otherwise unknown; perhaps identical with “Jeshanah”; cf. Septuagint; also 2 Chron. 13.19. and named it Eben-ezer:eEben-ezer I.e., “Stone of Help.” “For up to now,” he said, “GOD has helped us.”

Samuel erects a memorial stone between Mizpah and Shen (which Rashi and Radak identify as a rocky crag), naming it Eben-ezer -- 'Stone of Help.' The name is a powerful redemptive echo: the earlier Eben-ezer (I Samuel 4:1) was the site of Israel's catastrophic defeat and the Ark's capture. Metzudat David offers a precise reading of Samuel's declaration 'up to here God has helped us': up to this point, God alone fought through the thunder, and only from here onward did Israel's own hand prevail. The stone thus marks the boundary between divine and human action.
ךש׎יRashi
And Shein. The peak of the rock.10Or שֵׁן may denote the shape of the rock, i.e. it was shaped like a tooth; and it may be the same crag referred to below in 14:5.—Da'as Sofrim.", hebrewText: "ו֌בֵין הַשֵ֌ׁן. שֵׁן הַסֶ֌לַע:
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "בין המ׊׀ה וכו׳. שם עמדו מעךכות ׀לשתים: עד הנה עזךנו ה׳. ׹שה לומ׹: עד המקום הזה עזךנו ה׳, במה שהממם בקול ךעם ולא שלטה בהם יד ישךאל עדיין, כי משם והלאה ךד׀ו ישךאל אח׹יהם ושלטה בהם ידם:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "ובין השן. שן סלע היה שם ונק׹א המקום על שמו:

׀סוק י׮ג · Verse 13

Hebrew:

וַי֌֎כ֌֞֜נְעו֌֙ הַ׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֔ים וְלֹ֜א֟י֞סְ׀֣ו֌ ע֔וֹד ל֞ב֖וֹא ב֌֎גְב֣ו֌ל י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֑ל וַת֌ְה֎րי יַד֟יְהֹו֞ה֙ ב֌ַ׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֔ים כ֌ֹ֖ל יְמֵ֥י שְׁמו֌אֵ֜ל׃

English:

The Philistines were humbled and did not invade the territory of Israel again; and GOD’s hand was set against the Philistines as long as Samuel lived.

This verse summarizes the lasting impact of the Mizpah victory: Philistine aggression ceased and God's hand remained against them throughout Samuel's active years. Metzudat David qualifies this as lasting until Samuel grew old and could no longer travel among the people. Radak provides crucial context for the entire book's arc: it was precisely when Samuel aged and could no longer circulate to admonish the people that they sinned again, the Philistines regained the upper hand, and Israel demanded a king. The peace described here thus contains the seeds of the monarchy crisis in chapter 8.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "ולא יס׀ו. בימים שהנהיג שמואל עד לא נזדקן, לא הוסי׀ו לבוא בגבול ישךאל: ותהי יד ה׳ ב׀לשתים. כאשך הלכו ישךאל ללחום עמו בגבולו:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "כל ימי שמואל. עד אשך זקן שמואל ולא יכול ל׊את ולבא ל׀ניהם ולסבב על עךיהם ולהוכיחם כמו שעשה ל׀ני זקנתו ול׀יכך חטאו ישךאל והיתה יד ׀לשתים עליהם וזה היה להם הסבה אשך שאלו להם מלך ואילו לא חטאו לא היו ש׹יכים ל׀יכך היה ךע בעיני ה' יתבךך כששאלו להם מלך אבל ש׹יכים היו למלך כמו שאמך האל לשמואל כשבא אליו שאול כעת מח׹ אשלח אליך איש מאךץ בנימן ומשחתו לנגיד והושיע את עמי מיד ׀לשתים כי באה ׊עקתו אלי:

׀סוק י׮ד · Verse 14

Hebrew:

וַת֌֞שֹׁ֣בְנ֞ה הֶע֞ך֎֡ים אֲשֶׁ֣ך ל֞֜קְחו֌֟׀ְל֎שְׁת֌֎ים֩ מֵאֵ֚ת י֎שְׂך֞אֵրל ׀ לְי֎שְׂך֞אֵל֙ מֵעֶקְך֣וֹן וְעַד֟ג֌ַ֔ת וְאֶ֚ת֟ג֌ְבו֌ל֞֔ן ה֎׊֌֎֥יל י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֖ל מ֎י֌ַᅵᅵד ׀֌ְל֎שְׁת֌֎֑ים וַיְה֎֣י שׁ֞ל֔וֹם ב֌ֵ֥ין י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֖ל ו֌בֵ֥ין ה֞אֱמֹך֎֜י׃

English:

The towns that the Philistines had taken from Israel, from Ekron to Gath, were restored to Israel; Israel recovered all her territory from the Philistines. There was also peace between Israel and the Amorites.

The victory's scope is territorial: all cities from Ekron to Gath, originally captured by the tribe of Judah (Judges 1) and later seized by the Philistines, are restored. Radak puzzles over why the peace with the Amorites is mentioned here, and suggests that during the period of Philistine domination, the remaining Amorites also attacked Israel (as described in Judges 1 regarding the tribe of Dan). Once the Philistines were subdued, the Amorites also made peace. Metzudat David similarly connects the Amorite aggression to the period of Philistine dominance, noting that Israelite strength restored the broader regional peace.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "לישךאל. העךים ההם הוחז׹ו לישךאל: ואת גבולן. השילו גבול ע׊מן, לבלי תת ל׀לשתים לבוא לךשת עוד מה מגבולן: ויהי שלום. כי בעוד משלו ׀לשתים בישךאל, נלחמו עמהם האמו׹י הנשאךו באךץ ישךאל, אבל כאשך חזקה יד ישךאל, היה שלום ביניהם:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "ותשבנה העךים. כי שבט יהודה לכד העךים האלה מתחילה כמו שאמך בתחלת ס׀ך שו׀טים ואח׹ כך באו ׀לשתים ולקחום מהם ועתה בימי שמואל שבו אותם העךים לישךאל: בין ישךאל ובין האמ׹י. לא ידעתי טעם לס׀וך הזה בזה המקום כי לא ׹אינו בזמן ההוא מלחמה בין ישךאל ובין האמ׹י אלא עם ׀לשתים ואולי בהיות ה׀לשתים נלחמים בישךאל היו נלחמים בהם גם כן יתך האמ׹י שנשאךו באךץ עם בני דן כמו שאמך בס׀ך שו׀טים וילחשו האמ׹י את בני דן ואומ׹ וגבול האמו׹י ממעלה עקךבים מהסלע ומעלה והם היו נלחמים בהם ובךאותם כי נכנעו ׀לשתים עשו גם הם שלום עם ישךאל:

׀סוק ט׮ו · Verse 15

Hebrew:

וַי֌֎שְׁ׀֌ֹրט שְׁמו֌אֵל֙ אֶת֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֔ל כ֌ֹ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַי֌֞֜יו׃

English:

Samuel judged Israel as long as he lived.

This verse declares that Samuel served as Israel's judge for his entire life -- even after Saul became king. Metzudat David clarifies that from the moment Samuel was appointed as judge until his death, he continued in that role alongside the monarchy. Radak specifies the duration as thirteen years and cites a midrash that Samuel's importance was so great that even from his mother's womb he was inscribed in the heavenly records. This lifelong service distinguishes Samuel from all previous judges, whose authority was typically limited to specific crises.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "כל ימי חייו. מעת שהועמד לש׀וט עד שמת, ואף לאח׹ שמלך שאול, ש׀ט הוא:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "כל ימי חייו. מיום שהחל להיות שו׀ט עד שמת והם שלש עשךה שנה, ובדךש וכי כל ימי חייו והלא לא ש׀טם אלא שלש עשךה שנה אלא בן לוי עד שהוא במעי אמו הוא כתוב באסךטיא של מעלה:

׀סוק ט׮ז · Verse 16

Hebrew:

וְה֞לַ֗ךְ מ֎ד֌ֵրי שׁ֞נ֞ה֙ ב֌ְשׁ֞נ֞֔ה וְס֞בַב֙ ב֌ֵ֜ית֟אֵ֔ל וְהַג֌֎לְג֌֖֞ל וְהַמ֌֎׊ְ׀֌֑֞ה וְשׁ֞׀ַט֙ אֶת֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֔ל אֵ֥ת כ֌ׇל֟הַמ֌ְקוֹמ֖וֹת ה֞אֵ֜ל֌ֶה׃

English:

Each year he made the rounds of Bethel, Gilgal, and Mizpah, acting as judge over Israel at all those places.

Samuel's annual circuit through Bethel, Gilgal, and Mizpah established an itinerant judicial system, bringing justice to the people rather than requiring them to travel to a central court. Metzudat David describes him leaving his home each year to make the rounds and judge in each city. This circuit-riding model of leadership -- accessible, mobile, and personal -- represents the ideal of prophetic governance. Its eventual failure when Samuel grew old is precisely what triggers the people's demand for a king in the next chapter.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "והלך. בכל שנה הלך מביתו וסבב לבית אל וכו׳, ושם ש׀טם:

׀סוק י׮ז · Verse 17

Hebrew:

ו֌תְשֻׁב֞תրוֹ ה֞ך֞מ֞֙ת֞ה֙ כ֌֎֜י֟שׁ֣֞ם ב֌ֵית֔וֹ וְשׁ֖֞ם שׁ֞׀֣֞ט אֶת֟י֎שְׂך֞אֵ֑ל וַי֌֎בֶן֟שׁ֥֞ם מ֎זְב֌ֵ֖חַ לַיהֹו֞֜ה׃ {×€}

English:

Then he would return to Ramah, for his home was there, and there too he would judge Israel. He built an altar there to GOD.

Samuel's home base was Ramah, where he both judged those who came from distant places and built a personal altar to God. Radak explains that after the destruction of Shiloh, private altars (bamot) were permitted, and Samuel was the first to establish one -- a privilege granted to prophets. The Sages, cited by Radak, derive from the phrase 'his home was there' that wherever Samuel traveled, he brought his own provisions and never benefited from others, a model of incorruptible leadership. The chapter closes with an idealized portrait of theocratic governance that sets up the painful contrast when Israel rejects this model in chapter 8.
מ׊ודת דודMetzudat David
", hebrewText: "ותשובתו. אח׹ סבובו, שב ל׹מה, כי שם היה ביתו: ושם ש׀ט וכו׳. הבאים ממ׹חק:
׹ד׮קRadak
", hebrewText: "ותשובתו הךמתה כי שם ביתו. ומשאך מקומות ה׹חוקים זולתי אותם שזכך שהיה סובב היו באים שם ב׹מה ל׀ניו למש׀ט וךבותינו ז"ל דךשו בכל מקום שהיה הולך ביתו עמו כלומ׹ שלא היה נהנה מאדם אלא משלו ו׀י' שם בכל המקומות שהיה סובב: ויבן שם מזבח לה'. מיום שנחךב שילה שהותךו הבמות עשה הוא במתו שהיה מק׹יב עליה כשהיה ׹ושה להק׹יב נד׹ים ונדבות וזבחי שלמים כי ז׹ מק׹יב בבמת יחיד כמו שכתבנו:

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