Temurah 3:2-3

📖 Mishna

Mishna 3:2

משנה ג:ב

Hebrew:

וְלַד תּוֹדָה וּתְמוּרָתָהּ, וְלָדָן וּוְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְתוֹדָה, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁאֵינָן טְעוּנִין לָחֶם. תְּמוּרַת עוֹלָה, וּוְלַד תְּמוּרָה, וְלָדָן וּוְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְעוֹלָה, וּטְעוּנִין הֶפְשֵׁט וְנִתּוּחַ וְכָלִיל לָאִשִּׁים:

English:

The offspring of a thanks offering and the substitute of a thanks offering, and the offspring of the offspring and its substitute, and the offspring of their offspring until the end of all time, they are all like thanks offerings, with the only difference being that they do not require the accompanying loaves, unlike the thanks offering itself. With regard to the substitute of a burnt offering, the offspring of the substitute, e.g., if one substituted a female animal for a burnt offering, and it gave birth to a male, and the offspring of the offspring of its offspring until the end of all time, they are all like burnt offerings and therefore they require flaying and cutting into pieces and must be burned completely in the fire.

קלאוד על המשנה:

This mishna continues examining which offerings pass their status to offspring and substitutes. Thanks offerings and burnt offerings follow their own unique patterns.

Thanks Offerings (תודה):

The offspring and substitutes have todah-status (“like a thanks offering”) but WITHOUT the accompanying 40 loaves. Why? The loaves were designated specifically for the original offering, not for potential offspring. The animal-portion rules transfer; the bread requirement doesn’t.

Burnt Offerings (עולה):

Important Note: The original burnt offering must be MALE. But if someone substituted a FEMALE for a burnt offering, and that female gave birth to a male offspring, that male IS offered as a burnt offering! The substitute-female can’t be offered (wrong gender), but her male offspring can.

Key Terms:

• תודה (Todah) = Thanks offering; accompanied by 40 loaves
• לחם (Lechem) = Bread/loaves; the accompanying breads
• עולה (Olah) = Burnt offering; completely burned on altar
• הפשט ונתוח (Hefshet V’Nituach) = Flaying and cutting; skinning and sectioning
• כליל לאשים (Kalil La’Ishim) = Entirely to the fires; completely burned

Mishna 3:3

משנה ג:ג

Hebrew:

הַמַּפְרִישׁ נְקֵבָה לְעוֹלָה וְיָלְדָה זָכָר, יִרְעֶה עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֵב וְיִמָּכֵר וְיָבִיא בְדָמָיו עוֹלָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, הוּא עַצְמוֹ יִקְרַב עוֹלָה. הַמַּפְרִישׁ נְקֵבָה לְאָשָׁם, תִּרְעֶה עַד שֶׁתִּסְתָּאֵב, וְתִמָּכֵר, וְיָבִיא בְדָמֶיהָ אָשָׁם. אִם קָרַב אֲשָׁמוֹ, יִפְּלוּ דָמֶיהָ לִנְדָבָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, תִּמָּכֵר שֶׁלֹּא בְמוּם. תְּמוּרַת אָשָׁם, וְלַד תְּמוּרָתָהּ וּוְלָדָן וּוְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, יִרְעוּ עַד שֶּׁיִּסְתָּאֲבוּ, וְיִמָּכְרוּ, וְיִפְּלוּ דְמֵיהֶן לִנְדָבָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יָמוּתוּ. וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר, יָבִיא בִדְמֵיהֶן עוֹלוֹת. אָשָׁם שֶׁמֵּתוּ בְעָלָיו, וְשֶׁכִּפְּרוּ בְעָלָיו, יִרְעֶה עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֵב, וְיִמָּכֵר, וְיִפְּלוּ דָמָיו לִנְדָבָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יָמוּתוּ. וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר, יָבִיא בִדְמֵיהֶן עוֹלוֹת:

English:

In the case of one who designates a female animal as a burnt offering, which may be brought only from males, and that female gave birth to a male, although it is a male, it is left to graze until it becomes unfit and then it is sold, and he brings a burnt offering with the money received for its sale. Rabbi Eliezer says: The male offspring itself is sacrificed as a burnt offering. In the case of one who designates a female animal for a guilt offering, which may be brought only from males, it is left to graze until it becomes blemished and then it is sold, and he brings a guilt offering with the money received for its sale. And if in the interim his guilt offering was already sacrificed, the money received for the sale is allocated for communal gift offerings. Rabbi Shimon says: Since a female is unfit to be sacrificed as a guilt offering, it may be sold without a blemish. With regard to the substitute of a guilt offering, the offspring of that substitute, their offspring and the offspring of their offspring, until the end of all time, they are all left to graze until they become unfit, and then they are sold, and the money received for the sale is allocated for communal gift offerings. Rabbi Eliezer says: These animals are left to die. And Rabbi Elazar says: The owner should bring an individual burnt offering with the money received for its sale. A guilt offering whose owner died, and a guilt offering whose owner already achieved atonement, graze until they become unfit, and then they are sold, and the money received for the sale is allocated for communal gift offerings. Rabbi Eliezer says: These animals are left to die. Rabbi Elazar says: The owner must bring an individual burnt offering with the money received for its sale.

קלאוד על המשנה:

This complex mishna addresses “gender mismatch” scenarios — what happens when someone designates a female for a male-only offering?

Female Designated for Burnt Offering:

Both burnt offerings and guilt offerings require MALES. What if someone designated a female?

First Tanna: The female grazes until blemished, is sold, and the money buys a proper burnt offering.

Rabbi Eliezer: If the female gives birth to a MALE, that male IS offered as a burnt offering directly.

Female Designated for Guilt Offering:

Same procedure — graze until blemished, sell, buy proper guilt offering.

But what if he already brought his guilt offering? The money goes to communal freewill offerings (nedavah).

Rabbi Shimon’s Innovation: Since a female was NEVER valid for a guilt offering, she has only monetary sanctity, not inherent body-sanctity. Therefore, she can be sold WITHOUT waiting for a blemish!

Substitutes of Guilt Offerings:

This gets complicated. What happens to the substitute of a guilt offering (and its descendants)?

Guilt Offering Whose Owner Died or Already Atoned:

Same three-way dispute applies:

Key Terms:

• יסתאב (Yista’ev) = Becomes unfit/blemished
• נדבה (Nedavah) = Freewill offering; communal gift offerings
• אשם (Asham) = Guilt offering; male-only
• מתו בעליו (Metu Be’alav) = Owner died
• כפרו בעליו (Kipru Be’alav) = Owner already atoned

⚖️ Halacha

Practical Law from this Mishna

Rambam — Hilkhot Temurah, Chapter 3, Halacha 3

Hebrew:

ולד תודה ותמורתה הרי הן כתודה אלא שאינן טעונין לחם

English:

The offspring and substitute of a thanks offering are like a thanks offering, except they do not require bread.

Connection: Direct codification — offspring inherit todah status but not the bread requirement.

Rambam — Hilkhot Temurah, Chapter 3, Halacha 4

Hebrew:

תמורת עולה וולדה וולד ולדה הרי אלו כעולה וטעונין הפשט ונתוח וכליל לאישים

English:

The substitute of a burnt offering, its offspring, and its offspring’s offspring are like a burnt offering, requiring flaying, cutting, and complete burning.

Connection: Burnt offering status fully transfers to descendants.

Rambam — Hilkhot Pesulei HaMukdashim, Chapter 4, Halacha 17

Hebrew:

המפריש נקבה לעולה או לאשם תרעה עד שתסתאב ותמכר ויביא בדמיה מה שנדר

English:

One who designates a female for a burnt or guilt offering — it grazes until blemished, is sold, and he brings what he vowed with the proceeds.

Connection: The gender-mismatch procedure.

Rambam — Hilkhot Pesulei HaMukdashim, Chapter 4, Halacha 13

Hebrew:

תמורת אשם וולד תמורתו ירעו עד שיסתאבו וימכרו ויפלו דמיהן לנדבה

English:

The substitute of a guilt offering and offspring of the substitute graze until blemished, are sold, and the money goes to freewill offerings.

Connection: The Rambam follows the first tanna regarding substitutes of guilt offerings.

Summary: What Happens to Problematic Animals

Note: These Temple-era laws are preserved in Rambam for study and for when the Temple is rebuilt.

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