Temurah 2:1-2
משנה תמורה ב:א-ב
Seder: Kodashim | Tractate: Temurah | Chapter: 2
📖 Mishna
Mishna 2:1
משנה ב:א
Hebrew:
יֵשׁ בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד מַה שֶּׁאֵין בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר, וְיֵשׁ בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר מַה שֶּׁאֵין בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד. שֶׁקָּרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד עוֹשִׂים תְּמוּרָה, וְקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר אֵינָם עוֹשִׂים תְּמוּרָה. קָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד נוֹהֲגִין בִּזְכָרִים וּבִנְקֵבוֹת, וְקָרְבְּנוֹת צִבּוּר אֵינָן נוֹהֲגִין אֶלָּא בִזְכָרִים. קָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד חַיָּבִין בְּאַחֲרָיוּתָן וּבְאַחֲרָיוּת נִסְכֵּיהֶם, וְקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר אֵין חַיָּבִין לֹא בְאַחֲרָיוּתָן וְלֹא בְאַחֲרָיוּת נִסְכֵּיהֶן, אֲבָל חַיָּבִין בְּאַחֲרָיוּת נִסְכֵּיהֶן מִשֶּׁקָּרַב הַזָּבַח. יֵשׁ בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר מַה שֶּׁאֵין בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד. שֶׁקָּרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר דּוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת וְאֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, וְקָרְבְּנוֹת הַיָּחִיד אֵינָן דּוֹחִים לֹא אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת וְלֹא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר, וַהֲלֹא חֲבִתֵּי כֹהֵן גָּדוֹל וּפַר יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, קָרְבַּן יָחִיד וְדוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת וְאֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. אֶלָּא שֶׁזְּמַנָּן קָבוּעַ:
English:
There are halakhot in effect with regard to offerings of an individual that are not in effect with regard to communal offerings; and there are halakhot in effect with regard to communal offerings that are not in effect with regard to offerings of an individual. There are halakhot in effect with regard to offerings of an individual that are not in effect with regard to communal offerings, as offerings of an individual render a non-sacred animal exchanged for the offering a substitute, and communal offerings do not render a non-sacred animal exchanged for the offering a substitute. Offerings of an individual apply to, i.e., can be brought from, both males and females, but communal offerings apply only to males. If offerings of an individual were not brought at the appropriate time, one is obligated to bring their compensation and compensation for their accompanying meal offering and libations at a later date, but if communal offerings were not brought at the appropriate time, one is obligated to bring neither their compensation nor compensation for their accompanying meal offering and libations at a later date. But one is obligated to bring compensation for their accompanying meal offering and libations once the offering is sacrificed. There are halakhot in effect with regard to communal offerings that are not in effect with regard to offerings of an individual, as communal offerings override Shabbat, in that they are sacrificed on Shabbat, and they override ritual impurity, i.e., they are sacrificed even if the priests are impure with impurity imparted by a corpse; and offerings of an individual override neither Shabbat nor ritual impurity. Rabbi Meir said: But aren’t the High Priest’s griddle-cake offerings and the bull of Yom Kippur offerings of an individual, and yet they override Shabbat and ritual impurity. Rather, this is the principle: Any offering, individual or communal, whose time is fixed overrides Shabbat and ritual impurity, whereas any offering, individual or communal, whose time is not fixed overrides neither Shabbat nor ritual impurity.
קלאוד על המשנה:
This mishna provides a comprehensive comparison between individual and communal offerings. Understanding these differences helps explain WHY substitution only works for individuals.
Individual Offerings Have More:
| Feature | Individual | Communal |
|---|---|---|
| Creates substitutes | ✓ | ✗ |
| Can use females | ✓ | ✗ (males only) |
| Replacement obligation | ✓ (if lost/damaged) | ✗ |
| Libation replacement | ✓ | Only after animal offered |
Communal Offerings Have More:
| Feature | Individual | Communal |
|---|---|---|
| Overrides Shabbat | ✗ | ✓ |
| Overrides impurity | ✗ | ✓ |
Rabbi Meir’s Correction:
Rabbi Meir challenges the simple individual/communal distinction: The High Priest’s daily griddle-cakes and the Yom Kippur bull are INDIVIDUAL offerings, yet they override Shabbat and impurity!
The True Principle:
It’s not about WHO brings the offering, but about WHETHER THE TIME IS FIXED:
-
Fixed time (זמן קבוע) → Overrides Shabbat and impurity
- Daily tamid (communal)
- High Priest’s daily cakes (individual)
- Yom Kippur bull (individual)
- Musaf offerings (communal)
-
No fixed time → Does NOT override
- Voluntary burnt offerings
- Sin offerings (brought when one sins)
- Guilt offerings
Key Terms:
- אחריות (Achrayut) = Responsibility/liability; obligation to replace
- נסכים (Nesachim) = Libations; wine and meal offerings accompanying sacrifices
- דוחין את השבת (Dochin et HaShabbat) = Override Shabbat; permit Shabbat violation
- חביתי כהן גדול (Chavitin shel Kohen Gadol) = High Priest’s griddle-cakes; daily offering
- זמן קבוע (Zman Kavua) = Fixed time; scheduled offering
Mishna 2:2
משנה ב:ב
Hebrew:
חַטָּאת הַיָּחִיד שֶׁכִּפְּרוּ בְעָלָיו, מֵתוֹת. וְשֶׁל צִבּוּר, אֵינָן מֵתוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, יָמוּתוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, מַה מָּצִינוּ בִּוְלַד חַטָּאת וּבִתְמוּרַת חַטָּאת וּבְחַטָּאת שֶׁמֵּתוּ בְעָלֶיהָ, בְּיָחִיד דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים אֲבָל לֹא בְצִבּוּר, אַף שֶׁכִּפְּרוּ הַבְּעָלִים וְשֶׁעָבְרָה שְׁנָתָן, בְּיָחִיד דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים אֲבָל לֹא בְצִבּוּר:
English:
An individual sin offering whose owner achieved atonement with another sin offering after it was lost is left to die, but in the case of a communal sin offering it is not left to die. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even a communal sin offering shall be left to die. Rabbi Shimon says: Just as we found with regard to the offspring of a sin offering, and with regard to the substitute for a sin offering, and with regard to a sin offering whose owner died, that these matters apply to an individual sin offering and not to a communal sin offering, so too, in the cases of a sin offering whose owner achieved atonement with another sin offering, and a sin offering whose first year has passed, the matters are stated with regard to an individual sin offering, and not with regard to a communal sin offering.
קלאוד על המשנה:
This mishna discusses the “Five Sin Offerings That Die” — a crucial halacha lemoshe misinai (tradition from Moses at Sinai). But do these rules apply to communal sin offerings too?
The Five Sin Offerings Left to Die:
- Offspring of a sin offering (ולד חטאת)
- Substitute for a sin offering (תמורת חטאת)
- Sin offering whose owner died (חטאת שמתו בעליה)
- Sin offering whose owner already atoned (שכפרו בעליה) — with another sin offering
- Sin offering past its year (שעברה שנתה) — sin offerings must be offered in their first year
The Dispute:
First Tanna: Only INDIVIDUAL sin offerings are left to die. Communal sin offerings (like the goats of Yom Kippur or holidays) are NOT left to die — they graze until blemished, then are sold, and the money goes to freewill offerings.
Rabbi Yehuda: Even communal sin offerings are left to die.
Rabbi Shimon’s Reasoning: He provides the logical basis for the first tanna’s view. Look at the first three cases:
- Offspring — communal animals don’t give birth (they’re offered immediately)
- Substitute — communal offerings can’t create substitutes (Mishna 1:6)
- Owner died — a “community” doesn’t die
Since these three clearly don’t apply to communal offerings, the pattern suggests the other two (owner atoned, year passed) also don’t apply to communal offerings.
Practical Difference:
What happens to a communal sin offering that wasn’t offered?
| Opinion | Outcome |
|---|---|
| First Tanna | Graze → blemish → sell → proceeds to freewill offerings |
| Rabbi Yehuda | Left to die |
Key Terms:
- חטאת (Chatat) = Sin offering
- כפרו בעליו (Kipru Be’alav) = Owners achieved atonement; already atoned with another animal
- מתות (Metot) = Die; left to die without food or water
- עברה שנתה (Avrah Shenatah) = Its year passed; became too old