Temurah 1:3-4
משנה תמורה א:ג-ד
Seder: Kodashim | Tractate: Temurah | Chapter: 1
📖 Mishna
Mishna 1:3
משנה א:ג
Hebrew:
אֵין מְמִירִין אֵבָרִים בְּעֻבָּרִים וְלֹא עֻבָּרִים בְּאֵבָרִים, וְלֹא אֵבָרִים וְעֻבָּרִים בִּשְׁלֵמִים וְלֹא שְׁלֵמִים בָּהֶן. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, מְמִירִים אֵבָרִין בִּשְׁלֵמִים וְלֹא שְׁלֵמִים בְּאֵבָרִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וַהֲלֹא בְמֻקְדָּשִׁין, הָאוֹמֵר רַגְלָהּ שֶׁל זוֹ עוֹלָה, כֻּלָּהּ עוֹלָה, אַף כְּשֶׁיֹּאמַר רַגְלָהּ שֶׁל זוֹ תַּחַת זוֹ, תְּהֵא כֻלָּהּ תְּמוּרָה תַּחְתֶּיהָ:
English:
One does not substitute non-sacred limbs for consecrated fetuses, i.e., if one says that a certain limb of a non-sacred animal is substituted for a fetus in the womb of a consecrated animal, it is not consecrated. And likewise, one does not substitute non-sacred fetuses for consecrated limbs. And one substitutes neither non-sacred limbs nor fetuses for whole consecrated animals nor non-sacred whole animals for consecrated limbs or fetuses. Rabbi Yosei says: One substitutes non-sacred limbs for whole consecrated animals, but not whole animals for consecrated limbs. Rabbi Yosei said: But isn’t it so with regard to sacrificial animals, that if one says: The hind leg of this animal is a burnt offering, the entire animal is a burnt offering? So too, when he says: The non-sacred hind leg of this animal is in exchange for that animal, the entire animal is a substitute in exchange for it.
קלאוד על המשנה:
This mishna addresses a fascinating question: can you substitute PARTS of animals? Limbs? Fetuses?
The Basic Rule (First Tanna):
Substitution only works with WHOLE animals. You cannot:
- Substitute a limb of a non-sacred animal for a fetus of a consecrated animal
- Substitute a fetus of a non-sacred animal for a limb of a consecrated animal
- Substitute limbs or fetuses for whole animals
- Substitute whole animals for limbs or fetuses
Rabbi Yosei’s Partial Disagreement:
Rabbi Yosei permits ONE direction: you CAN substitute a non-sacred limb for a WHOLE consecrated animal. His reasoning comes from consecration law:
The Analogy: If someone says “The leg of this animal is a burnt offering,” we don’t consecrate just the leg — the ENTIRE animal becomes a burnt offering. Why? You can’t separate a living limb from its body.
Rabbi Yosei’s Application: Similarly, if someone says “The leg of this non-sacred animal is substituted for that consecrated animal,” the entire non-sacred animal becomes a substitute. The leg “pulls” the whole animal along.
But NOT the Reverse: Even Rabbi Yosei agrees you cannot substitute a whole non-sacred animal for a consecrated LIMB. The consecrated limb doesn’t have the same “expansion” power because it’s already attached to a consecrated whole.
Key Terms:
- אברים (Evarim) = Limbs; body parts of an animal
- עוברים (Ubarim) = Fetuses; unborn animals in the womb
- שלמים (Shelemim) = Whole animals (here meaning complete, not the peace offering)
Mishna 1:4
משנה א:ד
Hebrew:
אֵין הַמְדֻמָּע מְדַּמֵּעַ אֶלָּא לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן. אֵין הַמְחֻמָּץ מְחַמֵּץ אֶלָּא לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן. אֵין הַמַּיִם הַשְּׁאוּבִים פּוֹסְלִין אֶת הַמִּקְוֶה אֶלָּא לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן:
English:
If teruma, the portion of the produce designated for the priest, was intermingled with non-sacred produce, and it is impossible to distinguish between them, if the ratio of non-sacred produce to teruma was less than one hundred to one, the teruma is not nullified and all the produce is forbidden to those for whom teruma is forbidden. If the mixture was then intermingled with other non-sacred produce, that mixture renders it a mixture of teruma only according to the calculation of the percentage of the original teruma produce in the entire mixture. And dough that was leavened with a teruma leavening agent is forbidden to those for whom teruma is forbidden even if the ratio between the non-sacred and the teruma is greater than one hundred to one. If a portion of that dough was intermingled with non-sacred dough, it leavens only according to the calculation of the percentage of the original leavening agent in the entire dough, and the second dough is forbidden only if the quantity of the original teruma leavening agent inside it is sufficient to leaven it. And if three log of drawn water were poured into a ritual bath with less than forty se’a to complete the requisite forty se’a, the ritual bath is invalidated. But drawn water invalidates the ritual bath only according to calculation, as explained in the Gemara.
קלאוד על המשנה:
This mishna seems completely unrelated to temurah! What’s it doing here?
The Connection:
The previous mishna discussed whether partial things (limbs, fetuses) can create substitution. This mishna provides analogous cases where something that has a certain status does NOT automatically transfer that full status when mixed with something else.
Three Parallel Cases:
1. Teruma Mixture (מדומע):
- Teruma (priestly portion) mixed with non-sacred produce creates “meduma”
- If that meduma is then mixed with MORE non-sacred produce, does it all become meduma?
- Answer: Only proportionally. Calculate the actual teruma percentage.
2. Leavened Dough (מחומץ):
- Dough leavened with teruma-leavening is forbidden to non-priests
- If that dough is mixed with other dough, is it all forbidden?
- Answer: Only if the original teruma-leaven is enough to leaven the new mixture.
3. Drawn Water in Mikveh (מים שאובים):
- 3 log of drawn water invalidates an incomplete mikveh
- If invalid water is mixed with more water, does it still invalidate?
- Answer: Only proportionally. Calculate actual drawn water content.
The Principle:
Secondary effects work “according to calculation” (לפי חשבון). The derived status doesn’t have the same full power as the original.
Connection to Temurah:
Just as these cases show that secondary/derived status is weaker than primary status, so too with substitution: a substitute animal (derived sanctity) may not have the same power as the originally consecrated animal. This provides conceptual background for discussions about whether substitutes can themselves create substitutes (discussed in Mishna 1:5).
Key Terms:
- מדומע (Meduma) = Mixture of teruma and non-sacred produce
- מחומץ (Mechumatz) = Leavened; fermented
- מים שאובים (Mayim She’uvim) = Drawn water; water collected by human intervention
- מקוה (Mikveh) = Ritual bath requiring 40 se’a of natural water
- לפי חשבון (Lefi Cheshbon) = According to calculation; proportionally