Chapter 1: The prophet who runs
Sefer Yonah | Yonah 1:1-16 | Units 1-3
Yonah refuses the mission. The storm draws the sailors into the story, and their efforts to save him reveal the cost of his flight.
Background: Melakhim II 14:25
ืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืช ืืืคืจื
He restored the border of Israel from Levo Hamat to the Sea of the Aravah, in accordance with the word of Hashem, the God of Israel, which He had spoken through His servant Yonah son of Amittai, the prophet from Gat Hefer.
Unit 1: The Call and the Flight (1:1-3)
1:1
Verse
ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึฐึผืึทืจึพืืณ ืึถืึพืืึนื ึธื ืึถืึพืึฒืึดืชึทึผื ืึตืืึนืจื
The word of Hashem came to Yonah son of Amittai, saying:
Radak
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ. ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืืื ื ื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืชืื ืฉืืชืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืช ืืืคืจ. ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืโื. ืืืจื: ืืื ื ืชืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืข ืืืื ืืื; ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ, ืืฉืฉ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืคืืื ืืจื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืืงืืดื ืื ืื ืื, ืฉืืืข ืฉืืืื ืงืจืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืฉืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืดื. ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ โืืืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืื ื ืฉื ืืชโ - ืฉื ืืช ืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืงืฉื: ืืื ืืื ืืชืื โืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืโ? ืืชืจืฆื: ืขื ืขืกืงื ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืคืขื ืฉื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืื ืืืจื: ืื ืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ, ืืื ืคืขื ืฉื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืื ืฉืืืจ โืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืืชืโ, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืฉื ืชืืคื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืจืขื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืจืืขื ืื ืืืืฉ ื ืชืืคื ืืื ืืจืขื ืืืืื. ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืจืื, ืื ืืช ืืืคืจ ืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืืืืง ืืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื โืืชื ืืคืจ ืขืชื ืงืฆืืโ. ืืืฉ ืืฉืืื: ืืื ื ืืชืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืงืืฉ, ืืืืื ืขื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื? ืื ืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืจื ืขื ื ืืจื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืงืจืื ืืชืฉืืื, ืืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืขืชื, ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืขืจื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืจืฉืขื. ืืขืื, ืืืืืืข ืืคืื ืืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืงืืดื ืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืโ ืืืื ืืโ ืืืืืช ืืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืื, ืืขืื ืืืื ืฉืืงืืดื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืจืืื.
Of this prophet we have only this one recorded prophecy, the one concerning Nineveh - but we find that he had another prophecy that was never written down, since Sefer Melakhim states that he [Yerovam ben Yoash] restored Israelโs border from Levo Hamat to the Sea of the Aravah, in accordance with the word of Hashem, God of Israel, spoken through His servant Yonah ben Amittai the prophet, of Gat-HaHefer.
There is a dispute among our Sages about this. Some say: Yonah stood up for the honour of the son but not for the honour of the Father - meaning, he was protective of Israelโs honour, and so fled outside the Land, which is not a place where prophecy rests, so that God would not send him to Nineveh. He knew its people were quick to repent, and that this would stand as an indictment of Israel - but he did not show the same concern for the honour of God. This is what is meant by โthe word of Hashem came to Yonah a second timeโ - He spoke with him a second time, but not a third.
They asked: but is it not written โwho spoke through His servant Yonah son of Amittai, the prophetโ? They answered: on the matter of Nineveh, He spoke with him only a second time and not a third [but that verse in Melakhim is a separate matter]. Others say instead: He never spoke with him about anything other than Nineveh - only a second time and not a third - and the phrase โwho spoke through His servant Yonah son of Amittaiโ [in Melakhim] means something else entirely: just as Ninevehโs fortune was overturned from evil to good, so too in the days of Yerovam ben Yoash, Israelโs fortune was overturned from evil to good [i.e., it is a comparison, not a report of a distinct prophecy].
This prophet, it appears, was from the tribe of Zevulun, since Gat-HaHefer was his city, and it lay within Zevulunโs portion, as it is written, โGat Hefer, Et Katzin.โ
One may ask: why was this prophecy recorded in the holy writings, when it concerns Nineveh entirely - a nation of the world - with no mention of Israel in it at all, and there is nothing else like it among all the Prophets? We may explain that it was written as moral instruction for Israel: here was a foreign people, not of Israel, that was quick to repent - after the prophet rebuked them just once, they returned in complete repentance from their evil - whereas the prophets rebuke Israel morning and evening, and they do not turn back from their wickedness. Furthermore, it makes known the great wonder God performed for the prophet, who was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights and lived, and that the fish then vomited him out. And further, it teaches that God has compassion on penitents from whatever nation they may be, and forgives them - all the more so when they are many.
Key point: Radak presents the programme of the entire book: Nineveh becomes a moral lesson for Israel, while Divine compassion remains genuinely available to people of every nation who repent.
1:2
Verse
ืงืึผื ืึตืึฐ ืึถืึพื ึดืื ึฐืึตื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึฐึผืืึนืึธื ืึผืงึฐืจึธื ืขึธืึถืืึธ ืึดึผืึพืขึธืึฐืชึธื ืจึธืขึธืชึธื ืึฐืคึธื ึธืื
Arise, go to Nineveh, the great city, and proclaim against it, for their wickedness has risen before Me.
Radak
ืงืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืื. ืืงืจื ืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืจืขืชื ืืคื ื. ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืงืจื ืขืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืงืจื ืขืืื ืืกืืฃ โืื ืื ืื ื ืืคืืชโ ืืืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืงืจืืื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืืงืจื ืขืืื. โืื ืขืืชื ืจืขืชื ืืคื ืโ - ืืื ืื ืืงืืดื ืืฉืืื ืืฃ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืจืขืชื ืืืืก, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื โืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืกโ, ืืืืืก ืืคืกืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืืดื ืจืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืขืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ โืจืง ืืชืื ืืืขืชื ืืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืืโ, ืืื ืฉืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืืืช ืขืืืก.
He does not tell us here what exactly Yonah was to proclaim against the city - we learn it only from what he actually proclaimed at the end, โNineveh shall be overturnedโ; from that we understand that this is what he was being told to proclaim now. โFor their wickedness has risen before Meโ teaches that God takes note even of the nations of the world when their wickedness - specifically violent injustice (hamas) - grows great, just as with the generation of the Flood and the people of Sodom, of whom it says โthe earth was filled with violence.โ Violence destroys civil society, and God desires the settled order of the world. But for other sins, they are not regarded before Him in such a way that He exercises particular providence over them - that applies only to Israel, as it says, โYou alone have I known of all the families of the earth,โ as is explained in the prophecy of Amos.
Malbim - Yonahโs concern for Israel (1:2)
ืืืืฉืจ ืืืข ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืื ืชืฆืื ืจืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืจืขื ืืืฉืจืื.
When Yonah knew that this mission would bring harm to Israel, he devised plans not to undertake it. He preferred to lose his own life at sea rather than become the cause of harm to Israel.
Key point: For Radak, Ninevehโs hamas is not merely private wrongdoing. Violence and exploitation destroy settled human society, and Hashem desires the continued habitation of the world.
1:3
Verse
ืึทืึธึผืงึธื ืืึนื ึธื ืึดืึฐืจึนืึท ืชึทึผืจึฐืฉึดืืืฉึธืื ืึดืึดึผืคึฐื ึตื ืืณ ืึทืึตึผืจึถื ืึธืคืึน ืึทืึดึผืึฐืฆึธื ืึณื ึดืึธึผื ืึธึผืึธื ืชึทืจึฐืฉึดืืืฉื ืึทืึดึผืชึตึผื ืฉึฐืืึธืจึธืึผ ืึทืึตึผืจึถื ืึธึผืึผ ืึธืืึนื ืขึดืึธึผืึถื ืชึทึผืจึฐืฉึดืืืฉึธืื ืึดืึดึผืคึฐื ึตื ืืณื
But Yonah arose to flee to Tarshish, from before Hashem. He went down to Yafo and found a ship bound for Tarshish. He paid its fare and went down into it, to travel with them to Tarshish, from before Hashem.
Radak
ื. ืืืงื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืชืจืฉืืฉื ืืืคื ื ืืณ: ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืจ โืื ื ืืคื ืื ืืืจืโ? ืืื ืืื โืืืคื ืโ ืืื โืืคื ืโ, ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืช, ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืณ? ืืื โืืืคื ื ืืณโ ืืื ืืืฉื, ืื ืคืืจืืฉ โืืืคื ืโ ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ, ืืืื ืจืื ืื ืืืื. ืื ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืชืฉืจื ืขืืื ืจืื ื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืืืช, ืื ืืืจ ืืื ื: ืืืืื ืงืจืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืงืืดื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื, ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืงืืดื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืขื. ืืคืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืื. ืืื ืคืืจืฉื ืจืืืชืื ื ืโื, ืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืื ืข, ืื ืืืจ: ืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืงืจืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจื. ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืดื: ืืฉ ืื ืืืืฆื ืื.
ื. ืืืณ ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื: ืืืจ ืจืื ืืจืืื: ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืฆื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืฆื ืืืจื? ืืื ืืจื ืืคื ืื, ืฉื ืืืจ โืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกโ, ืืืชื ืืจืืช ืื ืืื! ืืชืจืื ืืื ืชื: โืืืคื ื ืืณโ - ืื ืงืื ืืืชื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืณ.
ื. ืืืจื ืืคื: ืืขืืจื - ืฉืืื ืืชื ืืคืจ - ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืจื ืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืคืช ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืช. ืืื ืื ืก ืืื ืืงืจื โืืืจืโ, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ โืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชโ, ืื ืฉืคืช ืืื ืืื ืืงืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืฉื. ืืืืื ื ืืื ืโื ืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืงืจื โืืืจืโ ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืืงื ืืืืจื ืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ โืืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืโ, ืืื ืืืจ โืืืื ื ืืจื ืื ืืจืืชื ืืกืคืื ืโ, ืืื โืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชโ.
ื. ืืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืื ืชืจืฉืืฉ: โืืืโ ืืขืื ืืืจืข, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืชืจืฉืืฉื.
ื. ืืืชื ืฉืืจื: ืฉืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืชืช ืื, ืืืจ ืืชืช, ืื ื ืชื ื ืืชืืื. ืืืืจืฉ: ื ืชื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืกืคืื ื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืชืืืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืชืืชืื ืืกืืืจืื ืืืกืืืจืืช, ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืืจ. ืืกืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืขืฉืืจ.
a. โAnd Yonah rose to flee to Tarshish from before Hashemโ: How could he possibly flee, when David said, โWhere can I flee from before Youโ? Rather, โmilifneiโ [โfrom beforeโ] does not mean the same as โmipneiโ [โfromโ] - the prophet was full of wisdom and understanding, so how could he imagine fleeing from before God Himself? Rather, what he thought he could flee โfrom before Hashemโ refers specifically to the place where prophecy rests, that is, the spirit of prophecy - for he thought that if he left the Land of Israel for outside the Land, the spirit of prophecy would no longer rest upon him, and so he could refuse this mission. For Yonah reasoned: the nations are quick to repent, and if I go to them on this divine mission, they will turn from their evil ways - and this will condemn Israel, since I and the other prophets are constantly sent to them [Israel] on missions from God, and they do not turn from their evil way. For this reason he refused to go on this mission. Our Sages likewise explained that this was his reason for refusing: he held that the Divine Presence does not rest outside the Land, and - since the nations are quick to repent, and in order not to condemn Israel - he fled. The Holy One replied to him, โI have agents like you [whom I can send after you and bring you back].โ
b. โAnd Hashem hurled a great wind upon the seaโ: Rabbi Berekhiah said: a person who wants to flee, flees to a place where he can find safety. Have you ever heard of someone fleeing to the very thing that itself flees? The sea fled before Him, as it says, โThe sea saw and fledโ - and you flee to the sea! Targum Yonatan renders โmilifnei Hashemโ as โfrom prophesying in the name of Hashem.โ
c. โAnd he went down to Yafoโ: From his own city - Gat-HaHefer - or from Jerusalem, he went down to Yafo, which sits on the seashore and serves as a port. One who enters the sea is described as โgoing down,โ as in โthose who go down to the sea in ships,โ since the seashore is a low point relative to the rest of the dry land. My father [Radakโs father, Rabbi Yosef Kimchi] explained instead that the term โgoing downโ is used relative to the ship, which is deep, and one descends into it - as in โhe found a ship and went down into it,โ and โYonah went down into the innermost parts of the vessel,โ and โthose who go down to the sea in ships.โ
d. โAnd he found a ship going to Tarshishโ: The word โbaโahโ [going] is accented on the final syllable, meaning the ship was ready to set out and arrive at Tarshish.
e. โAnd he paid its fareโ: He paid the fare due for the passage - either he agreed to pay it, or he paid it up front. A midrashic reading holds that he paid the fare for the entire ship, so that it would set sail quickly rather than wait for other merchants and cargo, since he wanted to flee as fast as possible. From this some derive that prophecy rests only upon a person of means.
Malbim - Why escape by sea? (1:3)
ืืืงื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืชืจืฉืืฉื. ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืจื ืคื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืจ ื ืืืื ืืคืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืจืช ื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืช, ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ื ืืณ. ืืืืจ ืืฉืงืืฃ ืืจืืดื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืื ืืืคื ื ืืณ, ืฉืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืขืชื ืืืฉืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืณ ืืื ื ืืคื ืื ืืืจื; ืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืื ืขื ืืืืงืืช ืืืฉืจืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืืชืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืืง ืื. ืืจืฆื ืืืจืื ืืืืดื ืฉืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืจื, ืืืฉื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืช. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืช ืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืดื ืืจื ืืืืืจ, ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืดื ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืจืื ืคืขื ืืืช ืืืดื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืณ, ืฉื ืื ืืืืดื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืืืดื; ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืจื. ืืื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืื, ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืขืช ืฉืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืขืืื ืจืื ืืณ, ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืขืชื ืืืชื ืืชืืฉืืช ืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืดื, ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืชืฉืจื ืืฉืืื ื ืขืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืชืจืฉืืฉื, ืฉืจืฆื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืชื. ืืืืจ ืคืืจืฉื ืืืดื ืฉื ืชื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉืืจื. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืื ืชืจืฉืืฉ, ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืชืจืฉืืฉ; ืจืง ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขืชื ืืชืจืฉืืฉ, ืืืจื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืชืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื, ืจืง ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืกืช ืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช: ืื ืฉืชืื ืชืืืฃ, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืคืฉืืช ืจืืืช; ืืืจ ืฉืืืข ืฉืืขืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืื ื, ืื ืจืฆื ืฉืืืืื ื ืคืฉืืช ืจืืืช.
Yonah arose to flee to Tarshish. He was afraid that Hashem might send him a second time and place a prophetic message in his mouth, commanding him to go in his capacity as a prophet, in which case he would be compelled to obey. He therefore hurried to flee from before Hashem. Abarbanel has already observed that there is a difference between โfrom Hashemโ and โfrom before Hashemโ. โFrom Hashemโ would refer to His knowledge and providence - and how could Yonah flee from Hashemโs providence, or where could he flee from Him? โBefore Hashemโ, however, refers to closeness and the resting of the Divine Presence, when a person stands and walks before Hashem in attachment to Him. Yonah wished to flee outside the Land, where the Divine Presence does not rest, so that Hashem would not send him from there to prophesy. He chose to travel by sea rather than escape outside the Land through the wilderness because prophecy can sometimes rest even outside the Land when the spirit has already rested upon the prophet once in the Land of Israel. Thus, regarding Yehezkel, the doubled expression โthe word of Hashem surely cameโ teaches that he prophesied outside the Land because he had already prophesied in the Land; and Eliyahu, while fleeing from Izevel into the wilderness, experienced visions of God at Mount Horeb. Yonah therefore boarded a ship. He thought that the spirit of Hashem would not rest upon him while aboard: either because the distress of sea travel unsettles the minds of seafarers until they reach dry land, as our Sages said, or because he would have no solitude while among the idolaters aboard. All this would prevent the Divine Presence from resting upon him. This is the meaning of โhe went down into it, to travel with them to Tarshishโ: he specifically wished to remain in their company. Our Sages further explained that โhe paid its fareโ means that he paid for the entire ship. This is also indicated by โhe found a ship coming from Tarshishโ; the verse might have been expected to say โa ship going to Tarshishโ. The ship had only just arrived from Tarshish, and shipowners ordinarily do not set out again on the day they arrive. They wait several days until enough passengers for that route have assembled to cover the shipโs hire. Yonah hurried to pay for the whole ship with two intentions: that it should leave immediately, and that there should not be many other people aboard. Since he knew that those travelling in the ship would be endangered, he did not want many lives to be lost.
Key point: Yonah does not imagine that he can escape Hashem. He tries to leave the prophetic state in which he stands before Hashem and to make himself unavailable for the mission.
Questions from the text
- Radak says that Yonah sought โthe honour of the sonโ but not โthe honour of the Fatherโ. Who are the son and the Father, and how did Yonah protect one at the expense of the other?
- Why would Ninevehโs repentance create an accusation against Israel? Point to Radakโs explanation.
- What reasons does Radak give for the inclusion of Sefer Yonah in Scripture? What does each reason make the book about?
- What particular wrongdoing brought Nineveh to Hashemโs attention, and why does Radak distinguish it from other transgressions of the nations?
- How does Radak distinguish milifnei Hashem from mipnei Hashem? What exactly did Yonah believe he could escape?
- According to Malbim, why did Yonah choose the sea, and what two purposes were served by paying for the entire ship?
Unit 2: The Storm and the Sailors (1:4-10)
1:4
Verse
ืึทืืณ ืึตืึดืื ืจืึผืึทึพืึฐึผืืึนืึธื ืึถืึพืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึฐืึดื ืกึทืขึทืจึพืึธึผืืึนื ืึทึผืึธึผื ืึฐืึธืึณื ึดืึธึผื ืึดืฉึฐึผืืึธื ืึฐืึดืฉึธึผืืึตืจื
Hashem cast a mighty wind upon the sea, and there was a great storm at sea; the ship threatened to break apart.
Radak
ืืืณ ืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืฉืืจ. ืขื ืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืฉืชืฉืืจ ืืื ืื.
โ[The ship] thought it would break apartโ - this is a figurative use of language; it means that the men on the ship thought the ship would break apart.
Key point: Radak reads the shipโs โthoughtโ as personification: the people aboard believed it was about to break apart.
1:5
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืืจึฐืืึผ ืึทืึทึผืึธึผืึดืื ืึทืึดึผืึฐืขึฒืงืึผ ืึดืืฉื ืึถืึพืึฑืึนืงึธืื ืึทืึธึผืึดืืึผ ืึถืชึพืึทืึตึผืึดืื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธึผืึณื ึดืึธึผื ืึถืึพืึทืึธึผื ืึฐืึธืงึตื ืึตืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึฐืืึนื ึธื ืึธืจึทื ืึถืึพืึทืจึฐืึฐึผืชึตื ืึทืกึฐึผืคึดืื ึธื ืึทืึดึผืฉึฐืืึทึผื ืึทืึตึผืจึธืึทืื
The sailors were afraid, and each cried out to his god. They cast the equipment in the ship into the sea to lighten the load for themselves. But Yonah had gone down into the recesses of the vessel, lain down and fallen into a deep sleep.
Radak
ื. ืืืจืื ืืืืืื: ืื ืชืืคืฉื ืืืฉืืืื.
ื. ืื ืืจืืชื ืืกืคืื ื: ืื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืืชืื, ืืื โืืืงืืจ ืืขืจื ืืืขืโ, ืืขื โืขืืจ ืื ืืชืื ืืชโ.
a. โAnd the sailors were afraidโ: These are the men who hold the oars.
b. โInto the innermost parts of the vesselโ: Meaning into one of its innermost parts - the plural form used for a single location, as in โhe was buried in the cities of Giladโ [meaning one city] and โa colt, the foal of donkeysโ [a plural form used for one animal].
Malbim - Why did Yonah go below? (1:5)
ืืื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืืขื ืืื, ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืข ืฉืืกืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืืคืกืง ืืกืขืจ ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื, ืืจื ืื ืืจืืชื ืืกืคืื ื ืฉืฉื ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืงืืื, ืืื ืื ืฆืื ืื ืฉื ืืกืคืื ื ืฉืื ืขืืืืื ืืืขืื.
Yonah had another reason. He knew that the storm had come because of him and reasoned that, if he died first, the storm would cease and the people aboard would survive. He therefore descended to the lowest compartment, where the water would enter first and drown him, while those standing above might be saved.
Key point: The sailors pray and act, while Yonah descends and sleeps. Malbim understands Yonahโs descent as a deliberate attempt to die before the others.
1:6
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืงึฐืจึทื ืึตืึธืื ืจึทื ืึทืึนืึตื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืืึน ืึทืึพืึฐึผืึธ ื ึดืจึฐืึธึผื ืงืึผื ืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืึพืึฑืึนืงึถืืึธ ืืึผืึทื ืึดืชึฐืขึทืฉึตึผืืช ืึธืึฑืึนืงึดืื ืึธื ืึผ ืึฐืึนื ื ึนืืึตืื
The captain approached him and said, โWhat are you doing asleep? Get up! Call to your god. Perhaps God will take thought for us, and we will not perish.โ
Radak
ื. ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืจื ืืืืื: ืืืืื ืฉืืกืคื ืื, ืื ืืกืคื ืื ื ืงืจืืื โืืืืืืโ ืืคื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืชืืจืื ืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืคื ืืืืชื, ืโืืืืโ ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืชืจืื ืืื ืชื โืจื ืกืคื ืืโ - ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืงื โืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืโ, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืื ื, ืขื ืคืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืจื ืืกืคื ืื ืืช ืืืืืื.
ื. ืืชืขืฉืช: ืืชืจืฆื, ืืื โืืืื ืขืฉืชืื ืืชืืโ - ืืืฉืืืช ืจืฆืื ื, ืืื ืืืจืืืช โืืืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืงืืืืชืืโ, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืฉื. ืืชืจืื ืืื ืชื: ืืชืจืื.
a. โAnd the captain approached himโ: The most senior of the sailors. Sailors are called โhovlimโ because they draw and release the mastโs ropes (havalim) according to their skill; โhovelโ is a collective term for sailors. Targum Yonatan renders โrav hovelโ as โrav safnayaโ [chief of the sailors]. Hovel is a noun of the same grammatical pattern as hayoter in โand the rest we devoted to destructionโ; it is also a collective noun for sailors. He is the senior figure who directs the ship, at whose command the sailors draw and release the ropes.
b. โPerhaps [the God] will take noticeโ (yitโashet): Meaning He will be appeased/reconsider. Compare โhis plans (eshtonotav) were lostโ - meaning his intended thoughts; and in Aramaic, โand the king reconsidered (ashit) toward him,โ meaning he thought it over. Targum Yonatan renders it โwill have mercy.โ
Key point: The captainโs words, โGet up! Call!โ repeat the language of the command Yonah has refused.
1:7
Verse
ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึดืืฉื ืึถืึพืจึตืขึตืืึผ ืึฐืืึผ ืึฐื ึทืคึดึผืืึธื ืืึนืจึธืืึนืช ืึฐื ึตืึฐืขึธื ืึฐึผืฉึถืืึฐึผืึดื ืึธืจึธืขึธื ืึทืึนึผืืช ืึธื ืึผ ืึทืึทึผืคึดึผืืึผ ืึผืึนืจึธืืึนืช ืึทืึดึผืคึนึผื ืึทืึผืึนืจึธื ืขึทืึพืืึนื ึธืื
They said to one another, โCome, let us cast lots so that we may know on whose account this trouble has come upon us.โ They cast lots, and the lot fell upon Yonah.
Radak
ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืคืืื ืืืจืืืช. ืืฉ ืืชืืื ืืื ืืขื ืื, ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืกืขืจ ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืกืขืจ ืืื ืืคืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืจืขื? ืืืฆืืชื ืืคืจืงื ืจโ ืืืืขืืจ: ืื ืขืืืื ืกืขืจ ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืขืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืื, ืืฉืชืืงืืช ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฉืืจ. ืืืจื: ืืฉื ืื ืืจืขื ืืืืช ืื ื, ื ืืขื - ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจืขื ืืืืช ืื ื, ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืื.
One might wonder at this: how did they conclude that this great storm at sea was on account of the people on this particular ship? Were there no other ships at sea? Does every ship caught in a storm cast lots to determine whose fault the calamity is? I found in Pirkei deRabbi Eliezer: a great storm came upon them at sea, while on their right and their left every other ship passed by safely, the sea calm around them - yet the ship carrying Yonah was in great distress, on the verge of breaking apart. That is why they said, โLet us find out on whose account this evil has come upon usโ - that is, let us determine for whose sake, on whose account, this calamity has befallen us.
Key point: Radak explains why the sailors treat the storm as directed rather than ordinary: every other ship around them was sailing through calm water.
1:8
Verse
ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึตืึธืื ืึทืึดึผืืึธืึพื ึธึผื ืึธื ืึผ ืึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึฐืึดืึพืึธืจึธืขึธื ืึทืึนึผืืช ืึธื ืึผ ืึทืึพืึฐึผืึทืืึฐืชึฐึผืึธ ืึผืึตืึทืึดื ืชึธึผืืึนื ืึธื ืึทืจึฐืฆึถืึธ ืึฐืึตืึพืึดืึถึผื ืขึทื ืึธืชึธึผืื
They said to him, โPlease tell us: on whose account has this trouble come upon us? What is your occupation? Where do you come from? What is your country, and from what people are you?โ
Radak
ื. ืืืืืจื, ืืืืื ื ื ืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจืขื: ืฉืืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืืืจื ืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืชื, ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื ืชืคืฉืช - ืื ืืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืจืืืืช ืืืืก ืืืขืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืืืื.
ื. ืืืืื ืชืื: ืืืื ืืจืืช ืืคื ื ืจืขื ืฉืขืฉืืช ืฉื. ืืื ืืจืฆื - ืืืื ืื ื ืืจืฆื ืื ืื ื ืจืฉืขืื.
ื. ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืชื: ืโื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืืคืื, ืืืื ืืืจ โืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืโ, ืื ืืชืคืจืฉ ืืื ืืคืื: ืื ืืขื ืฉืืชื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืืื - ืื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืจืืข ืืขืฉืืื.
a. โTell us, please, on whose account this evil has come upon usโ: Since you are the one on whose account this trouble has come to us - tell us what your occupation is, for what sin you have been singled out. What is your trade? Perhaps it is a trade of deceit or violence, and that is why you are guilty.
b. โAnd from where do you comeโ: Perhaps you fled from some evil you did there. โAnd what is your landโ - perhaps your countrymen are wicked people.
c. โAnd of what people are youโ: The prefixed mem here functions in an inverted sense, as though it read โand of which people are youโ - or it may be read without inversion: โthis people that you belong to - which one is it? Is it a people especially hated by God for the evil of its deeds?โ
Key point: The sailors investigate several possible forms of guilt before deciding what Yonah has done.
1:9
Verse
ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึฒืึตืืึถื ืขึดืึฐืจึดื ืึธื ึนืึดื ืึฐืึถืชึพืืณ ืึฑืึนืงึตื ืึทืฉึธึผืืึทืึดื ืึฒื ึดื ืึธืจึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจึพืขึธืฉึธืื ืึถืชึพืึทืึธึผื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึทืึทึผืึธึผืฉึธืืื
He said to them, โI am a Hebrew, and I fear Hashem, the God of the heavens, who made the sea and the dry land.โ
Radak
ืืืืืจ. ืืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืืืชื: ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื โืขืืจื ืื ืืโ ืืืขื ืขืื ืืืจืฆื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืจ โืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืจืโ ืืฉืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืชื โืื ืืืืืชืโ, ืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืช ืืณ ืืื ืขืืฉื ืื ืขืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ โืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืโ - ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืกืขืจ ืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืดื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืกืขืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฉืงืืื ื ืืฉืืจืฆื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืื ืืืืฉื. ืืืืจ ืขื ืืฉืืื โืืืงืโ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืคืื, ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืฅ โืืฉืจ ืขืฉืโ ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืชืืงื, ืื ืื ื ืืจืืช ืืชืืื ืืชืืงื ืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืื.
With these two statements he answered their questions. By saying โI am a Hebrew,โ he told them his people and his land; and by saying โI fear Hashem, God of the heavens,โ he answered their question โwhat is your tradeโ - implying that his occupation is not one of deceit, but rather that he fears God and does no wrong. As for his adding โwho made the sea and the dry landโ - since they were caught in a storm at sea, he told them that God made the sea, and it is He who hurled the stormy wind upon it, and He who will calm it when He wills and bring them out onto dry land. He called Him โGod of the heavensโ because He directs and judges them, and he said of the earth โwho madeโ in the sense of โwho set in orderโ - for the earth was not created finished and ready for the needs of its creatures until the waters were gathered together [into seas, leaving dry land exposed].
Key point: Yonahโs theology is clear: Hashem governs sea and dry land. The narrative now tests the relationship between stated belief and obedience.
1:10
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืืจึฐืืึผ ืึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืืื ืึดืจึฐืึธื ืึฐืืึนืึธื ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึตืึธืื ืึทืึพืึนึผืืช ืขึธืฉึดืืืชึธ ืึดึผืึพืึธืึฐืขืึผ ืึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืืื ืึดึผืึพืึดืึดึผืคึฐื ึตื ืืณ ืืึผื ืึนืจึตืึท ืึดึผื ืึดืึดึผืื ืึธืึถืื
The men were filled with great fear and said to him, โWhat have you done?โ For the men knew that he was fleeing from before Hashem, because he had told them.
Radak
ืืืืจืื. ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืฉืืืจ ืืื โืืืช ืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืจืโ, ืืืจื ืื: ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืขืจ ืืขืืืจื? ืืืจ ืืื: ืื ื ื ืืื, ืืืงืืดื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืื, ืืืจืืชื ืื ืืคื ื ืื, ืืืฆืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืื.
Once he had told them, upon saying โI fear Hashem, God of the heavens,โ they said to him: if so, how could this storm be on your account? He explained to them: I am a prophet, and God was sending me to Nineveh, and going to them was difficult in my eyes, so I fled from it and left the Land of Israel, which is the place where prophecy rests.
Malbim - Two kinds of fear (1:10)
ืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืจืืช ืืกืื ื, ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืชื ืืจืืช ืืณ, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืชื ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืขืฆื ืฉืืชืืจืื ืืื ื.
The sailorsโ first fear was fear of danger. This later fear was fear of Hashem; it is called โgreatโ because of the greatness of the One whom they now feared.
Key point: According to Malbim, the sailors move from fear of physical danger to fear of Hashem.
Questions from the text
- Compare what the sailors do in verse 5 with what Yonah does. Which actions are emphasised by the verse and the commentaries?
- Compare Hashemโs command in verse 2 with the captainโs words in verse 6. Which words recur, and who now directs them to Yonah?
- Why did the sailors conclude that the storm was directed at their ship? How does the source quoted by Radak answer his question?
- According to Radak, what possible cause of guilt was investigated by each question about Yonahโs occupation, origin, country and people?
- Which questions does Yonah answer through โI am a Hebrewโ, and which does he answer through โI fear Hashemโ?
- Why does Yonah add that Hashem made the sea and dry land, and what further information does Radak say he told the sailors?
Unit 3: Responsibility and Mercy (1:11-16)
1:11
Verse
ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึตืึธืื ืึทืึพื ึทึผืขึฒืฉึถืื ืึธึผืึฐ ืึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึนึผืง ืึทืึธึผื ืึตืขึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึดึผื ืึทืึธึผื ืืึนืึตืึฐ ืึฐืกึนืขึตืจื
They said to him, โWhat should we do with you so that the sea will become calm for us?โ For the sea was growing increasingly stormy.
Radak
ื. ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืขืจ: ืื ืืื ืื ื ืชืืืืช ืฉืืฉืชืืง ืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืกืืขืจ ืืืชืจ.
ื. ืืืฉืชืืง ืืื: ืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจ โืืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืชืงืโ.
a. โFor the sea was growing more and more stormyโ: Meaning: we have no hope that the sea will grow calm, for behold, it keeps growing more and more turbulent.
b. โThat the sea may quiet down for usโ: That is, the place of its roaring waves would fall silent; compare โand they rejoiced when [the waves] grew quiet.โ
Malbim - What are the sailors asking? (1:11)
ืฉืืืืื ืื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืืช ืื ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืงื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืขืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืฉืชืืง ืืื ืืขืืื ื.
They asked whether Yonah was prepared to repent and accept the journey to Nineveh. Perhaps they could turn with him towards a port leading there, or return him to the Land of Israel, and in this way the sea would become calm.
Key point: On Malbimโs reading, the sailors first offer Yonah a route of repair rather than asking how to dispose of him.
1:12
Verse
ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืึฒืึตืืึถื ืฉึธืืืึผื ึดื ืึทืึฒืึดืืึปื ึดื ืึถืึพืึทืึธึผื ืึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึนึผืง ืึทืึธึผื ืึตืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึดึผื ืืึนืึตืขึท ืึธื ึดื ืึดึผื ืึฐืฉึถืืึดึผื ืึทืกึทึผืขึทืจ ืึทืึธึผืืึนื ืึทืึถึผื ืขึฒืึตืืึถืื
He said to them, โLift me up and cast me into the sea, and the sea will become calm for you; for I know that it is because of me that this great storm has come upon you.โ
Radak
ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื. ืืขืืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื.
โOn my accountโ (beshelli) - that is, because of me, meaning, because of my sin.
Malbim - Responsibility without return (1:12)
ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืืื ื ืื ืืื. ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืขืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืจืฆื ืื ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืืกืขืจ ืื ืืขื ืืฉ ืืืชื ืขื ืืขืืจ, ืขื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืคื ืืณ. ืืื ืืืืข ืื ื ืืืืจืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืกืขืจ ืืฉืืืืื ืืขื ืืฉ ืืชืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืจืฉืืฉ, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืณ; ืจืง ืืฉืื ืืกืขืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื, ืืขื ืืฉ ืืืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉืืืืื, ืืืฉืืืืข ืืื ืืฉืชืืง ืืื ืืขืืืื.
โLift me and cast me into the sea.โ Yonah means: I do not wish to return, nor do I wish to go to Nineveh. The storm is therefore not intended to return me to my land or to Nineveh; it has come to punish me for the past, because I rebelled against the word of Hashem. This I know with certainty: the storm has not come because of you, to punish you for carrying me to Tarshish, since that is not Hashemโs intention. Rather, this great storm is upon you because of me, to punish me alone and not you. When I drown in the sea, the sea will become calm for you.
Key point: Yonah accepts responsibility for the storm, but Malbim stresses that confession is not yet teshuvah.
1:13
Verse
ืึทืึทึผืึฐืชึฐึผืจืึผ ืึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืืื ืึฐืึธืฉึดืืื ืึถืึพืึทืึทึผืึธึผืฉึธืื ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึนืืึผ ืึดึผื ืึทืึธึผื ืืึนืึตืึฐ ืึฐืกึนืขึตืจ ืขึฒืึตืืึถืื
The men rowed hard to return to dry land, but they could not, for the sea was growing increasingly stormy against them.
Radak
ืืืืชืจื. ืืืืืงื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืกืคืื ื ืื ืืืืฉื, ืื ืชืืคืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื. ืืชืจืื ืืื ืชื: โืืฉืืืืืโ. ืืื ืฉืืืจ โืืืฉืืโ - ืืคื ืฉืืืืืฉื ื ืกืขื ืืกืคืื ื, ืืืฉืชืฆื ืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื.
โAnd the men rowed hardโ - they gripped the oars to bring the ship back to dry land, for one who grips an oar and propels the ship through the sea is, as it were, digging (hoter) through the sea. Targum Yonatan renders it โand they rowed.โ As for the word โto bring backโ (lโhashiv) - since the ship had originally set out from dry land, its return to dry land is described as a โreturn.โ
Malbim - The attempt to return (1:13)
ืืื ืจืฆื ืื ืกืืช ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืชืจื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืคื, ืืื ืขืงืจ ืืื ืช ืืณ ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืฉืืจื ืืฉื, ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืื; ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืขืจ, ืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืื ืฉื ืืชืฉืืื.
They tried to test whether Hashemโs principal intention was to return Yonah to the land from which he had fled. If so, they should be able to row back to Yafo and restore the runaway servant to his Master. They could not, because Yonah himself had not returned in repentance.
Key point: The sailors continue trying to preserve Yonahโs life even after he has identified the apparent solution.
1:14
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืงึฐืจึฐืืึผ ืึถืึพืืณ ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึธื ึธึผื ืืณ ืึทืึพื ึธื ื ึนืืึฐืึธื ืึฐึผื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึธืึดืืฉื ืึทืึถึผื ืึฐืึทืึพืชึดึผืชึตึผื ืขึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึธึผื ื ึธืงึดืื ืึดึผืึพืึทืชึธึผื ืืณ ืึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืคึทืฆึฐืชึธึผ ืขึธืฉึดืืืชึธื
They called to Hashem and said, โPlease, Hashem, do not let us perish on account of this manโs life, and do not place innocent blood upon us; for You, Hashem, have done as You desired.โ
Radak
ื. ืืืงืจืื: ืืืืืจ ืืื.
ื. ืื ื: ืืโื.
ื. ื ืงืื: ืืืโืฃ, ืืืจื ืืขืื ืืืโืฃ - โื ืืืโ, โื ืฉืืโ.
a. โAnd they called outโ: Self-explanatory.
b. โPleaseโ (anna): Spelled with a final he.
c. โInnocentโ (naki, spelled naki-alef): Spelled here with a final alef, in the manner of words in this category, like navi and nasi.
Malbim - The sailorsโ moral danger (1:14)
ืืืงืจืื ืื ืืณ ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืืณ ืื ื ื ื ืืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืื. ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ, ืื ืื ื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืขื ืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืื, ืฉืขื ืืื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืืช ื ืืื ืืืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื. ืืื ื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขื ืฆื ืื ื ืืงืฉ: ืื ืชืชื ืขืืื ื ืื ื ืงื, ืืืขื ืืฉ ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืืืขืชื, ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืฉื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืขื ืฉ ืืจืืฆื ืืืชื, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืงืื ืื ื ืืืื. ืื ืืชื ืืณ ืืืฉืจ ืืคืฆืช ืขืฉืืช. ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ, ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืื ืืชืืืก ืืืื ื, ืจืง ืืืื, ืฉืืงืืืืช ืืช ืืกืขืจ ืืืคืฆืช ืืืืืืขื ืืื, ืืืชื ืขืฉืืช; ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืืื ื. ืื ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืืก ืื, ืื ืื ื.
They called to Hashem and said, โPlease, Hashem, let us not perish because of this manโs life.โ That is: if we do not cast him into the sea, we will perish because of this manโs life; because of his guilty life all of us will be lost, and that would not be right. But if we do cast him into the sea, then we ask: โDo not place innocent blood upon usโ by punishing us for drowning him. Even when a person is liable to punishment by Heaven and receives that punishment through human beings, the one who kills him may still be punished - as it says, โBut I will also judge the nation whom they serveโ, and as the Sages explained concerning โGod caused it to come to his handโ. โFor You, Hashem, have done as You desiredโ means that this deed should not be attributed to us but to You: You raised the storm and wished to drown him in the sea, and You brought this about. We are compelled to act, since if we do not cast him into the sea we will all drown. The act is therefore attributed to You, not to us.
Key point: The sailorsโ prayer shows that necessity does not remove their fear of committing murder.
1:15
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืฉึฐืืืึผ ืึถืชึพืืึนื ึธื ืึทืึฐืึดืึปืืึผ ืึถืึพืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึทึผืขึฒืึนื ืึทืึธึผื ืึดืึทึผืขึฐืคึผืึนื
They lifted Yonah and cast him into the sea, and the sea ceased from its raging.
Radak
ืืืฉืื. ืืืืืจ ืืื.
โAnd they lifted up Yonah [and cast him into the sea]โ - self-explanatory.
Metzudat Tziyon - The sea โstoodโ (1:15)
ืืืขืื - ืขื ืื ืฉืชืืงื. ืืืขืคื - ืขื ืื ืงืฆืฃ; ืืขื ืืจืขืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืก ืืืชืงืฆืฃ.
โThe sea stoodโ means that it became silent. โFrom its ragingโ is language of anger: the crashing of the waves makes the sea appear furious.
Source: Metzudat Zion on Jonah 1:15ย
Key point: The immediate calm confirms that the storm was directed at Yonah.
1:16
Verse
ืึทืึดึผืืจึฐืืึผ ืึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืืื ืึดืจึฐืึธื ืึฐืืึนืึธื ืึถืชึพืืณ ืึทืึดึผืึฐืึฐึผืืึผึพืึถืึทื ืึทืืณ ืึทืึดึผืึฐึผืจืึผ ื ึฐืึธืจึดืืื
The men feared Hashem with great fear; they offered a sacrifice to Hashem and made vows.
Radak
ื. ืืืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืื: ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืกืคืื ื? ืืื ืคืืจืืฉื ืืชืจืืืื: โืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืณ.โ
ื. ืืืืจื ื ืืจืื: ืฉืืจ ื ืืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืช ืฆืืงื ืืขื ืืื.
a. โAnd they offered a sacrificeโ: How could they have offered an actual sacrifice on board a ship? Rather, its meaning follows Targum Yonatan: โand they said they would offer a sacrifice before Hashemโ [i.e., they vowed to do so once ashore, rather than performing it there and then].
b. โAnd they made vowsโ: Other vows besides the sacrifice - such as to give charity to the poor.
Rashi - The sailorsโ vows (1:16)
ืืืืจื ื ืืจืื - ืฉืืชืืืืจื.
โThey made vowsโ - that they would convert.
Key point: The chapter begins with Yonah fleeing from before Hashem and ends with foreign sailors fearing Hashem and undertaking future religious commitments.
Chapter in view
Yonah tries to withdraw from prophecy; the sailors move from fear of danger to fear of Hashem. Their prayers and actions keep exposing the mission he has refused. The chapter ends with their vows, while Yonah has disappeared beneath the sea.
Questions from the text
- According to Malbim, what possible solutions are the sailors offering when they ask, โWhat should we do with you?โ
- What responsibility does Yonah accept through the word beshelli, and what does Malbim say he still refuses to do?
- Why do the sailors continue rowing after Yonah has told them how to stop the storm? How do Radak and Malbim explain their attempt to return to land?
- What two dangers do the sailors identify in their prayer before casting Yonah into the sea?
- According to Radak, did the sailors sacrifice while aboard the ship? What future commitments did they undertake?
- How does Rashiโs understanding of the vows differ from Radakโs, and what change has taken place in the sailorsโ fear between verses 5 and 16?