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Sefer YonahChapter 1 ยท The prophet who runs

Chapter 1: The prophet who runs

Sefer Yonah | Yonah 1:1-16 | Units 1-3


Yonah refuses the mission. The storm draws the sailors into the story, and their efforts to save him reveal the cost of his flight.

Background: Melakhim II 14:25

ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืžืช ืขื“ ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืช ื”ื—ืคืจืƒ

He restored the border of Israel from Levo Hamat to the Sea of the Aravah, in accordance with the word of Hashem, the God of Israel, which He had spoken through His servant Yonah son of Amittai, the prophet from Gat Hefer.

Unit 1: The Call and the Flight (1:1-3)

1:1

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื“ึฐึผื‘ึทืจึพื”ืณ ืึถืœึพื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸึพืึฒืžึดืชึทึผื™ ืœึตืืžึนืจืƒ

The word of Hashem came to Yonah son of Amittai, saying:

Radak

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชื™ ืœืืžืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœื• ืืœื ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื• ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื—ืžืช ืขื“ ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืช ื”ื—ืคืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–โ€ืœ. ืืžืจื•: ื™ื•ื ื” ืชื‘ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื ืชื‘ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘; ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืจื— ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื—ื”ื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€œื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืชโ€ - ืฉื ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื•ื”ืงืฉื•: ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€œืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืโ€? ื•ืชืจืฆื•: ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ืืœื ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื•ืžื”ื ืืžืจื•: ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ืืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืืœื ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ โ€œืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™โ€, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ: ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื”ืคืš ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื” ืžืจืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืฉ ื ืชื”ืคืš ืœื”ื ืžืจืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื›ื™ ื’ืช ื”ื—ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขื™ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ โ€œื’ืชื” ื—ืคืจ ืขืชื” ืงืฆื™ืŸโ€. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืœืžื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื–ื•ืœืชื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื•? ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื ื ื›ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžืจืขืชื, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืจืฉืขื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืคืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ื’ ื’โ€™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื’โ€™ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืงื™ืื• ื”ื“ื’, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื—ื•ืžืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ื—ืœ ืœื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื.

Of this prophet we have only this one recorded prophecy, the one concerning Nineveh - but we find that he had another prophecy that was never written down, since Sefer Melakhim states that he [Yerovam ben Yoash] restored Israelโ€™s border from Levo Hamat to the Sea of the Aravah, in accordance with the word of Hashem, God of Israel, spoken through His servant Yonah ben Amittai the prophet, of Gat-HaHefer.

There is a dispute among our Sages about this. Some say: Yonah stood up for the honour of the son but not for the honour of the Father - meaning, he was protective of Israelโ€™s honour, and so fled outside the Land, which is not a place where prophecy rests, so that God would not send him to Nineveh. He knew its people were quick to repent, and that this would stand as an indictment of Israel - but he did not show the same concern for the honour of God. This is what is meant by โ€œthe word of Hashem came to Yonah a second timeโ€ - He spoke with him a second time, but not a third.

They asked: but is it not written โ€œwho spoke through His servant Yonah son of Amittai, the prophetโ€? They answered: on the matter of Nineveh, He spoke with him only a second time and not a third [but that verse in Melakhim is a separate matter]. Others say instead: He never spoke with him about anything other than Nineveh - only a second time and not a third - and the phrase โ€œwho spoke through His servant Yonah son of Amittaiโ€ [in Melakhim] means something else entirely: just as Ninevehโ€™s fortune was overturned from evil to good, so too in the days of Yerovam ben Yoash, Israelโ€™s fortune was overturned from evil to good [i.e., it is a comparison, not a report of a distinct prophecy].

This prophet, it appears, was from the tribe of Zevulun, since Gat-HaHefer was his city, and it lay within Zevulunโ€™s portion, as it is written, โ€œGat Hefer, Et Katzin.โ€

One may ask: why was this prophecy recorded in the holy writings, when it concerns Nineveh entirely - a nation of the world - with no mention of Israel in it at all, and there is nothing else like it among all the Prophets? We may explain that it was written as moral instruction for Israel: here was a foreign people, not of Israel, that was quick to repent - after the prophet rebuked them just once, they returned in complete repentance from their evil - whereas the prophets rebuke Israel morning and evening, and they do not turn back from their wickedness. Furthermore, it makes known the great wonder God performed for the prophet, who was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights and lived, and that the fish then vomited him out. And further, it teaches that God has compassion on penitents from whatever nation they may be, and forgives them - all the more so when they are many.

Radak 1:1ย 

Key point: Radak presents the programme of the entire book: Nineveh becomes a moral lesson for Israel, while Divine compassion remains genuinely available to people of every nation who repent.

1:2

Verse

ืงื•ึผื ืœึตืšึฐ ืึถืœึพื ึดื™ื ึฐื•ึตื” ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ึผืงึฐืจึธื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื›ึดึผื™ึพืขึธืœึฐืชึธื” ืจึธืขึธืชึธื ืœึฐืคึธื ึธื™ืƒ

Arise, go to Nineveh, the great city, and proclaim against it, for their wickedness has risen before Me.

Radak

ืงื•ื ืœืš ืืœ ื ื™ื ื•ื”. ื•ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœืชื” ืจืขืชื ืœืคื ื™. ื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื”, ืืœื ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ โ€œื•ื ื™ื ื•ื” ื ื”ืคื›ืชโ€ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื”. โ€œื›ื™ ืขืœืชื” ืจืขืชื ืœืคื ื™โ€ - ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืืฃ ื‘ืืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉืชื’ื“ืœ ืจืขืชื ื‘ื—ืžืก, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื, ื›ื™ โ€œืžืœืื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืžืกโ€, ื•ื”ื—ืžืก ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ โ€œืจืง ืืชื›ื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”โ€, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืขืžื•ืก.

He does not tell us here what exactly Yonah was to proclaim against the city - we learn it only from what he actually proclaimed at the end, โ€œNineveh shall be overturnedโ€; from that we understand that this is what he was being told to proclaim now. โ€œFor their wickedness has risen before Meโ€ teaches that God takes note even of the nations of the world when their wickedness - specifically violent injustice (hamas) - grows great, just as with the generation of the Flood and the people of Sodom, of whom it says โ€œthe earth was filled with violence.โ€ Violence destroys civil society, and God desires the settled order of the world. But for other sins, they are not regarded before Him in such a way that He exercises particular providence over them - that applies only to Israel, as it says, โ€œYou alone have I known of all the families of the earth,โ€ as is explained in the prophecy of Amos.

Radak 1:2ย 

Malbim - Yonahโ€™s concern for Israel (1:2)

ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืชืฆืžื— ืจืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœ ื™ืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื‘ื‘ ืจืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.

When Yonah knew that this mission would bring harm to Israel, he devised plans not to undertake it. He preferred to lose his own life at sea rather than become the cause of harm to Israel.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:2ย 

Key point: For Radak, Ninevehโ€™s hamas is not merely private wrongdoing. Violence and exploitation destroy settled human society, and Hashem desires the continued habitation of the world.

1:3

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึนื—ึท ืชึทึผืจึฐืฉึดืื™ืฉึธืื” ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ืณ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืจึถื“ ื™ึธืคื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึฐืฆึธื ืึณื ึดื™ึธึผื” ื‘ึธึผืึธื” ืชึทืจึฐืฉึดืื™ืฉื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืฉึฐื‚ื›ึธืจึธื”ึผ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืจึถื“ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืœึธื‘ื•ึนื ืขึดืžึธึผื”ึถื ืชึทึผืจึฐืฉึดืื™ืฉึธืื” ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ืณืƒ

But Yonah arose to flee to Tarshish, from before Hashem. He went down to Yafo and found a ship bound for Tarshish. He paid its fare and went down into it, to travel with them to Tarshish, from before Hashem.

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืงื ื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ: ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ โ€œืื ื” ืžืคื ื™ืš ืื‘ืจื—โ€? ืืœื ืื™ืŸ โ€œืžืœืคื ื™โ€ ื›ืžื• โ€œืžืคื ื™โ€, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื“ืขืช, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืณ? ืืœื โ€œืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณโ€ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ โ€œืžืœืคื ื™โ€ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ืฆื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ืœื ืชืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ื™ื•ื ื”: ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื, ื•ืื ืืœืš ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืจื›ื ื”ืจืขื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–โ€ืœ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข, ื›ื™ ืืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื—. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืš.

ื‘. ื•ื”ืณ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืจื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื: ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”: ืื“ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ื•ืจื— ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื— ืืฆืœ ื‘ื•ืจื—? ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื— ืžืคื ื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€œื”ื™ื ืจืื” ื•ื™ื ืกโ€, ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืจื—ืช ืืœ ื”ื™ื! ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: โ€œืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณโ€ - ืžืŸ ืงื“ื ื“ืืชื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื ื“ื”ืณ.

ื’. ื•ื™ืจื“ ื™ืคื•: ืžืขื™ืจื• - ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืชื” ื—ืคืจ - ืื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืจื“ ืืœ ื™ืคื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฃ ืื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื โ€œื™ื•ืจื“โ€, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€œื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื ื™ื•ืชโ€, ื›ื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ ื–โ€ืœ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื โ€œื™ื•ืจื“โ€ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ โ€œื•ื™ืžืฆื ืื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื”โ€, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ โ€œื•ื™ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื“ ืืœ ื™ืจื›ืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”โ€, ื•ื›ืŸ โ€œื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื ื™ื•ืชโ€.

ื“. ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืื ื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ: โ€œื‘ืื”โ€ ื˜ืขืžื• ืžืœืจืข, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”.

ื”. ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจื”: ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืชืช ืœื”, ืืžืจ ืœืชืช, ืื• ื ืชื ื• ืžืชื—ืœื”. ื•ื‘ื“ืจืฉ: ื ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชืžื”ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืจ. ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืžื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจ.

a. โ€œAnd Yonah rose to flee to Tarshish from before Hashemโ€: How could he possibly flee, when David said, โ€œWhere can I flee from before Youโ€? Rather, โ€œmilifneiโ€ [โ€œfrom beforeโ€] does not mean the same as โ€œmipneiโ€ [โ€œfromโ€] - the prophet was full of wisdom and understanding, so how could he imagine fleeing from before God Himself? Rather, what he thought he could flee โ€œfrom before Hashemโ€ refers specifically to the place where prophecy rests, that is, the spirit of prophecy - for he thought that if he left the Land of Israel for outside the Land, the spirit of prophecy would no longer rest upon him, and so he could refuse this mission. For Yonah reasoned: the nations are quick to repent, and if I go to them on this divine mission, they will turn from their evil ways - and this will condemn Israel, since I and the other prophets are constantly sent to them [Israel] on missions from God, and they do not turn from their evil way. For this reason he refused to go on this mission. Our Sages likewise explained that this was his reason for refusing: he held that the Divine Presence does not rest outside the Land, and - since the nations are quick to repent, and in order not to condemn Israel - he fled. The Holy One replied to him, โ€œI have agents like you [whom I can send after you and bring you back].โ€

b. โ€œAnd Hashem hurled a great wind upon the seaโ€: Rabbi Berekhiah said: a person who wants to flee, flees to a place where he can find safety. Have you ever heard of someone fleeing to the very thing that itself flees? The sea fled before Him, as it says, โ€œThe sea saw and fledโ€ - and you flee to the sea! Targum Yonatan renders โ€œmilifnei Hashemโ€ as โ€œfrom prophesying in the name of Hashem.โ€

c. โ€œAnd he went down to Yafoโ€: From his own city - Gat-HaHefer - or from Jerusalem, he went down to Yafo, which sits on the seashore and serves as a port. One who enters the sea is described as โ€œgoing down,โ€ as in โ€œthose who go down to the sea in ships,โ€ since the seashore is a low point relative to the rest of the dry land. My father [Radakโ€™s father, Rabbi Yosef Kimchi] explained instead that the term โ€œgoing downโ€ is used relative to the ship, which is deep, and one descends into it - as in โ€œhe found a ship and went down into it,โ€ and โ€œYonah went down into the innermost parts of the vessel,โ€ and โ€œthose who go down to the sea in ships.โ€

d. โ€œAnd he found a ship going to Tarshishโ€: The word โ€œbaโ€™ahโ€ [going] is accented on the final syllable, meaning the ship was ready to set out and arrive at Tarshish.

e. โ€œAnd he paid its fareโ€: He paid the fare due for the passage - either he agreed to pay it, or he paid it up front. A midrashic reading holds that he paid the fare for the entire ship, so that it would set sail quickly rather than wait for other merchants and cargo, since he wanted to flee as fast as possible. From this some derive that prophecy rests only upon a person of means.

Radak 1:3ย 

Malbim - Why escape by sea? (1:3)

ื•ื™ืงื ื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืจื ืคืŸ ื™ืฉืœื—ื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉื™ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืดื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ, ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ืณ ื•ืื ื” ืžืคื ื™ื• ื™ื‘ืจื—; ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืชื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื•. ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืดืœ ืฉืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉื ืœื ื™ืฉืœื—ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจื“ืช ื“ืจืš ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืดืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ ื›ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื— ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืืดื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืดื™; ื•ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื—ื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ืจืื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘. ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”, ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื ื™ื” ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ, ืื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื™ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ, ืื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืœื ื™ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืœ ืชืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ืขืžื”ื ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื ืขืžื”ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืื ื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืžืจ ืื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืชืจืฉื™ืฉ; ืจืง ืฉื”ืื ื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืขืชื” ืžืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ื•ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืื, ืจืง ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžื›ืกืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืœืื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืื ื™ื”. ื•ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช: ืื ืฉืชืœืš ืชื™ื›ืฃ, ื•ืื ืฉืœื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช; ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”, ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

Yonah arose to flee to Tarshish. He was afraid that Hashem might send him a second time and place a prophetic message in his mouth, commanding him to go in his capacity as a prophet, in which case he would be compelled to obey. He therefore hurried to flee from before Hashem. Abarbanel has already observed that there is a difference between โ€˜from Hashemโ€™ and โ€˜from before Hashemโ€™. โ€˜From Hashemโ€™ would refer to His knowledge and providence - and how could Yonah flee from Hashemโ€™s providence, or where could he flee from Him? โ€˜Before Hashemโ€™, however, refers to closeness and the resting of the Divine Presence, when a person stands and walks before Hashem in attachment to Him. Yonah wished to flee outside the Land, where the Divine Presence does not rest, so that Hashem would not send him from there to prophesy. He chose to travel by sea rather than escape outside the Land through the wilderness because prophecy can sometimes rest even outside the Land when the spirit has already rested upon the prophet once in the Land of Israel. Thus, regarding Yehezkel, the doubled expression โ€˜the word of Hashem surely cameโ€™ teaches that he prophesied outside the Land because he had already prophesied in the Land; and Eliyahu, while fleeing from Izevel into the wilderness, experienced visions of God at Mount Horeb. Yonah therefore boarded a ship. He thought that the spirit of Hashem would not rest upon him while aboard: either because the distress of sea travel unsettles the minds of seafarers until they reach dry land, as our Sages said, or because he would have no solitude while among the idolaters aboard. All this would prevent the Divine Presence from resting upon him. This is the meaning of โ€˜he went down into it, to travel with them to Tarshishโ€™: he specifically wished to remain in their company. Our Sages further explained that โ€˜he paid its fareโ€™ means that he paid for the entire ship. This is also indicated by โ€˜he found a ship coming from Tarshishโ€™; the verse might have been expected to say โ€˜a ship going to Tarshishโ€™. The ship had only just arrived from Tarshish, and shipowners ordinarily do not set out again on the day they arrive. They wait several days until enough passengers for that route have assembled to cover the shipโ€™s hire. Yonah hurried to pay for the whole ship with two intentions: that it should leave immediately, and that there should not be many other people aboard. Since he knew that those travelling in the ship would be endangered, he did not want many lives to be lost.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:3ย 

Key point: Yonah does not imagine that he can escape Hashem. He tries to leave the prophetic state in which he stands before Hashem and to make himself unavailable for the mission.

Questions from the text

  1. Radak says that Yonah sought โ€˜the honour of the sonโ€™ but not โ€˜the honour of the Fatherโ€™. Who are the son and the Father, and how did Yonah protect one at the expense of the other?
  2. Why would Ninevehโ€™s repentance create an accusation against Israel? Point to Radakโ€™s explanation.
  3. What reasons does Radak give for the inclusion of Sefer Yonah in Scripture? What does each reason make the book about?
  4. What particular wrongdoing brought Nineveh to Hashemโ€™s attention, and why does Radak distinguish it from other transgressions of the nations?
  5. How does Radak distinguish milifnei Hashem from mipnei Hashem? What exactly did Yonah believe he could escape?
  6. According to Malbim, why did Yonah choose the sea, and what two purposes were served by paying for the entire ship?

Unit 2: The Storm and the Sailors (1:4-10)

1:4

Verse

ื•ึทื”ืณ ื”ึตื˜ึดื™ืœ ืจื•ึผื—ึทึพื’ึฐึผื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืึถืœึพื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืกึทืขึทืจึพื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึทึผื™ึธึผื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึณื ึดื™ึธึผื” ื—ึดืฉึฐึผืื‘ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึดืฉึธึผืื‘ึตืจืƒ

Hashem cast a mighty wind upon the sea, and there was a great storm at sea; the ship threatened to break apart.

Radak

ื•ื”ืณ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ, ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืจ. ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืชืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื™ื”.

โ€œ[The ship] thought it would break apartโ€ - this is a figurative use of language; it means that the men on the ship thought the ship would break apart.

Radak 1:4ย 

Key point: Radak reads the shipโ€™s โ€˜thoughtโ€™ as personification: the people aboard believed it was about to break apart.

1:5

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืจึฐืื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึธึผื—ึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืขึฒืงื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืœึพืึฑืœึนืงึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึธึผื˜ึดืœื•ึผ ืึถืชึพื”ึทื›ึตึผืœึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผืึณื ึดื™ึธึผื” ืึถืœึพื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึฐื”ึธืงึตืœ ืžึตืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ื™ึธืจึทื“ ืึถืœึพื™ึทืจึฐื›ึฐึผืชึตื™ ื”ึทืกึฐึผืคึดื™ื ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึทึผื‘ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืจึธื“ึทืืƒ

The sailors were afraid, and each cried out to his god. They cast the equipment in the ship into the sea to lighten the load for themselves. But Yonah had gone down into the recesses of the vessel, lain down and fallen into a deep sleep.

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืจืื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื: ื”ื ืชื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.

ื‘. ืืœ ื™ืจื›ืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”: ืืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื›ืชื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ โ€œื•ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ ื’ืœืขื“โ€, ื•ืขืœ โ€œืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืืชื•ื ื•ืชโ€.

a. โ€œAnd the sailors were afraidโ€: These are the men who hold the oars.

b. โ€œInto the innermost parts of the vesselโ€: Meaning into one of its innermost parts - the plural form used for a single location, as in โ€œhe was buried in the cities of Giladโ€ [meaning one city] and โ€œa colt, the foal of donkeysโ€ [a plural form used for one animal].

Radak 1:5ย 

Malbim - Why did Yonah go below? (1:5)

ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืกืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื•ืฉืื ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืœื” ื™ืคืกืง ื”ืกืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืฆืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื™ื”, ื™ืจื“ ืืœ ื™ืจื›ืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื”ืžื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื™ื—ื ืงื•ื”ื•, ื•ืื– ื™ื ืฆืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”.

Yonah had another reason. He knew that the storm had come because of him and reasoned that, if he died first, the storm would cease and the people aboard would survive. He therefore descended to the lowest compartment, where the water would enter first and drown him, while those standing above might be saved.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:5ย 

Key point: The sailors pray and act, while Yonah descends and sleeps. Malbim understands Yonahโ€™s descent as a deliberate attempt to die before the others.

1:6

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึทื‘ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืจึทื‘ ื”ึทื—ึนื‘ึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœื•ึน ืžึทื”ึพืœึฐึผืšึธ ื ึดืจึฐื“ึธึผื ืงื•ึผื ืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืœึพืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืขึทืฉึตึผืืช ื”ึธืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึนืื‘ึตื“ืƒ

The captain approached him and said, โ€˜What are you doing asleep? Get up! Call to your god. Perhaps God will take thought for us, and we will not perish.โ€™

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ: ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืกืคื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคื ื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื โ€œื—ื•ื‘ืœื™ืโ€ ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžืชื, ื•โ€ื—ื•ื‘ืœโ€ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ โ€œืจื‘ ืกืคื ื™ืโ€ - ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉืงืœ โ€œื•ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืจืžื ื•โ€, ื•ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืกืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื.

ื‘. ื™ืชืขืฉืช: ื™ืชืจืฆื”, ื•ื›ืŸ โ€œืื‘ื“ื• ืขืฉืชื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ - ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช โ€œื•ืžืœื›ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”โ€, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: ื™ืชืจื—ื.

a. โ€œAnd the captain approached himโ€: The most senior of the sailors. Sailors are called โ€œhovlimโ€ because they draw and release the mastโ€™s ropes (havalim) according to their skill; โ€œhovelโ€ is a collective term for sailors. Targum Yonatan renders โ€œrav hovelโ€ as โ€œrav safnayaโ€ [chief of the sailors]. Hovel is a noun of the same grammatical pattern as hayoter in โ€œand the rest we devoted to destructionโ€; it is also a collective noun for sailors. He is the senior figure who directs the ship, at whose command the sailors draw and release the ropes.

b. โ€œPerhaps [the God] will take noticeโ€ (yitโ€™ashet): Meaning He will be appeased/reconsider. Compare โ€œhis plans (eshtonotav) were lostโ€ - meaning his intended thoughts; and in Aramaic, โ€œand the king reconsidered (ashit) toward him,โ€ meaning he thought it over. Targum Yonatan renders it โ€œwill have mercy.โ€

Radak 1:6ย 

Key point: The captainโ€™s words, โ€˜Get up! Call!โ€™ repeat the language of the command Yonah has refused.

1:7

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืœึพืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืคึดึผื™ืœึธื” ื’ื•ึนืจึธืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื ึตื“ึฐืขึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืฉึถืืœึฐึผืžึดื™ ื”ึธืจึธืขึธื” ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืคึดึผืœื•ึผ ื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœื•ึนืช ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึนึผืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ ืขึทืœึพื™ื•ึนื ึธื”ืƒ

They said to one another, โ€˜Come, let us cast lots so that we may know on whose account this trouble has come upon us.โ€™ They cast lots, and the lot fell upon Yonah.

Radak

ื•ื™ืืžืจื•, ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืคื™ืœื” ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืกืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืจืขื”? ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ืจโ€™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ: ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืžืฉืžืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื“ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืจ. ืืžืจื•: ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืจืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ื•, ื ื“ืขื” - ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ื”ืจืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื.

One might wonder at this: how did they conclude that this great storm at sea was on account of the people on this particular ship? Were there no other ships at sea? Does every ship caught in a storm cast lots to determine whose fault the calamity is? I found in Pirkei deRabbi Eliezer: a great storm came upon them at sea, while on their right and their left every other ship passed by safely, the sea calm around them - yet the ship carrying Yonah was in great distress, on the verge of breaking apart. That is why they said, โ€œLet us find out on whose account this evil has come upon usโ€ - that is, let us determine for whose sake, on whose account, this calamity has befallen us.

Radak 1:7ย 

Key point: Radak explains why the sailors treat the storm as directed rather than ordinary: every other ship around them was sailing through calm water.

1:8

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื”ึทื’ึดึผื™ื“ึธื”ึพื ึธึผื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึฐืžึดื™ึพื”ึธืจึธืขึธื” ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืžึทื”ึพืžึฐึผืœึทืื›ึฐืชึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึผืžึตืึทื™ึดืŸ ืชึธึผื‘ื•ึนื ืžึธื” ืึทืจึฐืฆึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืึตื™ึพืžึดื–ึถึผื” ืขึทื ืึธืชึธึผื”ืƒ

They said to him, โ€˜Please tell us: on whose account has this trouble come upon us? What is your occupation? Where do you come from? What is your country, and from what people are you?โ€™

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืืžืจื•, ื”ื’ื™ื“ื” ื ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ื”ืจืขื”: ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื”ื’ื™ื“ื” ืžื” ืžืœืื›ืชืš, ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืŸ ื ืชืคืฉืช - ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืชืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืช ืจืžืื•ืช ื•ื—ืžืก ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘.

ื‘. ื•ืžืื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื: ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื—ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืจืขื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื. ื•ืžื” ืืจืฆืš - ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆืš ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืจืฉืขื™ื.

ื’. ื•ืื™ ืžื–ื” ืขื ืืชื”: ืžโ€ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื•ืš, ื›ืืœื• ืืžืจ โ€œื•ืžืื™ื–ื” ืขื ืืชื”โ€, ืื• ื™ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืš: ื–ื” ื”ืขื ืฉืืชื” ืžืžื ื•, ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื - ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฉื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžืจื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื.

a. โ€œTell us, please, on whose account this evil has come upon usโ€: Since you are the one on whose account this trouble has come to us - tell us what your occupation is, for what sin you have been singled out. What is your trade? Perhaps it is a trade of deceit or violence, and that is why you are guilty.

b. โ€œAnd from where do you comeโ€: Perhaps you fled from some evil you did there. โ€œAnd what is your landโ€ - perhaps your countrymen are wicked people.

c. โ€œAnd of what people are youโ€: The prefixed mem here functions in an inverted sense, as though it read โ€œand of which people are youโ€ - or it may be read without inversion: โ€œthis people that you belong to - which one is it? Is it a people especially hated by God for the evil of its deeds?โ€

Radak 1:8ย 

Key point: The sailors investigate several possible forms of guilt before deciding what Yonah has done.

1:9

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื”ืณ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื™ึธืจึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจึพืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืึถืชึพื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื”ึทื™ึทึผื‘ึธึผืฉึธืื”ืƒ

He said to them, โ€˜I am a Hebrew, and I fear Hashem, the God of the heavens, who made the sea and the dry land.โ€™

Radak

ื•ื™ืืžืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื โ€œืขื‘ืจื™ ืื ื›ื™โ€ ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืžื• ื•ืืจืฆื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ โ€œื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ืจืโ€ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื โ€œืžื” ืžืœืื›ืชืšโ€, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืžืœืื›ืช ืžืจืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื ืืช ื”ืณ ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ โ€œืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”โ€ - ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืจื•ื— ืกืขืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืงื™ื˜ื ื• ื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื โ€œืืœืงื™โ€ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื, ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€œืืฉืจ ืขืฉื”โ€ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืชื™ืงืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื‘ืจืืช ืžืชื—ืœื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.

With these two statements he answered their questions. By saying โ€œI am a Hebrew,โ€ he told them his people and his land; and by saying โ€œI fear Hashem, God of the heavens,โ€ he answered their question โ€œwhat is your tradeโ€ - implying that his occupation is not one of deceit, but rather that he fears God and does no wrong. As for his adding โ€œwho made the sea and the dry landโ€ - since they were caught in a storm at sea, he told them that God made the sea, and it is He who hurled the stormy wind upon it, and He who will calm it when He wills and bring them out onto dry land. He called Him โ€œGod of the heavensโ€ because He directs and judges them, and he said of the earth โ€œwho madeโ€ in the sense of โ€œwho set in orderโ€ - for the earth was not created finished and ready for the needs of its creatures until the waters were gathered together [into seas, leaving dry land exposed].

Radak 1:9ย 

Key point: Yonahโ€™s theology is clear: Hashem governs sea and dry land. The narrative now tests the relationship between stated belief and obedience.

1:10

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืจึฐืื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืžึทื”ึพื–ึนึผืืช ืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ื›ึดึผื™ึพื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื›ึดึผื™ึพืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ืณ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึนืจึตื—ึท ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึดื’ึดึผื™ื“ ืœึธื”ึถืืƒ

The men were filled with great fear and said to him, โ€˜What have you done?โ€™ For the men knew that he was fleeing from before Hashem, because he had told them.

Radak

ื•ื™ื™ืจืื•. ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื, ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื โ€œื•ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ืจืโ€, ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืกืขืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจืš? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืื ื™ ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืจื—ืชื™ ืœื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”.

Once he had told them, upon saying โ€œI fear Hashem, God of the heavens,โ€ they said to him: if so, how could this storm be on your account? He explained to them: I am a prophet, and God was sending me to Nineveh, and going to them was difficult in my eyes, so I fled from it and left the Land of Israel, which is the place where prophecy rests.

Radak 1:10ย 

Malbim - Two kinds of fear (1:10)

ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื™ื™ืจืื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœืชื” ืœืคื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจืื• ืžืžื ื•.

The sailorsโ€™ first fear was fear of danger. This later fear was fear of Hashem; it is called โ€˜greatโ€™ because of the greatness of the One whom they now feared.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:10ย 

Key point: According to Malbim, the sailors move from fear of physical danger to fear of Hashem.

Questions from the text

  1. Compare what the sailors do in verse 5 with what Yonah does. Which actions are emphasised by the verse and the commentaries?
  2. Compare Hashemโ€™s command in verse 2 with the captainโ€™s words in verse 6. Which words recur, and who now directs them to Yonah?
  3. Why did the sailors conclude that the storm was directed at their ship? How does the source quoted by Radak answer his question?
  4. According to Radak, what possible cause of guilt was investigated by each question about Yonahโ€™s occupation, origin, country and people?
  5. Which questions does Yonah answer through โ€˜I am a Hebrewโ€™, and which does he answer through โ€˜I fear Hashemโ€™?
  6. Why does Yonah add that Hashem made the sea and dry land, and what further information does Radak say he told the sailors?

Unit 3: Responsibility and Mercy (1:11-16)

1:11

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืžึทื”ึพื ึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธึผืšึฐ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐืืชึนึผืง ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืžึตืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐืกึนืขึตืจืƒ

They said to him, โ€˜What should we do with you so that the sea will become calm for us?โ€™ For the sea was growing increasingly stormy.

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืืžืจื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืกืขืจ: ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืฉื™ืฉืชื•ืง ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืกื•ืขืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืง ื”ื™ื: ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ โ€œื•ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืชืงื•โ€.

a. โ€œFor the sea was growing more and more stormyโ€: Meaning: we have no hope that the sea will grow calm, for behold, it keeps growing more and more turbulent.

b. โ€œThat the sea may quiet down for usโ€: That is, the place of its roaring waves would fall silent; compare โ€œand they rejoiced when [the waves] grew quiet.โ€

Radak 1:11ย 

Malbim - What are the sailors asking? (1:11)

ืฉืืœื•ื”ื• ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืขืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•.

They asked whether Yonah was prepared to repent and accept the journey to Nineveh. Perhaps they could turn with him towards a port leading there, or return him to the Land of Israel, and in this way the sea would become calm.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:11ย 

Key point: On Malbimโ€™s reading, the sailors first offer Yonah a route of repair rather than asking how to dispose of him.

1:12

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืฉึธื‚ืื•ึผื ึดื™ ื•ึทื”ึฒื˜ึดื™ืœึปื ึดื™ ืึถืœึพื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐืืชึนึผืง ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืžึตืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืึธื ึดื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืฉึถืืœึดึผื™ ื”ึทืกึทึผืขึทืจ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถืืƒ

He said to them, โ€˜Lift me up and cast me into the sea, and the sea will become calm for you; for I know that it is because of me that this great storm has come upon you.โ€™

Radak

ื•ื™ืืžืจ, ื‘ืฉืœื™. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืืฉืจ ืœื™.

โ€œOn my accountโ€ (beshelli) - that is, because of me, meaning, because of my sin.

Radak 1:12ย 

Malbim - Responsibility without return (1:12)

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืฉืื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืืœ ื”ื™ื. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ืœืืจืฆื™ ืื• ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืขืจ ื‘ื ืœืขื ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ืชื™ ืืช ืคื™ ื”ืณ. ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืœืขื ื•ืฉ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืณ; ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ ื”ืกืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืœืขื ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืชื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื›ื.

โ€˜Lift me and cast me into the sea.โ€™ Yonah means: I do not wish to return, nor do I wish to go to Nineveh. The storm is therefore not intended to return me to my land or to Nineveh; it has come to punish me for the past, because I rebelled against the word of Hashem. This I know with certainty: the storm has not come because of you, to punish you for carrying me to Tarshish, since that is not Hashemโ€™s intention. Rather, this great storm is upon you because of me, to punish me alone and not you. When I drown in the sea, the sea will become calm for you.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:12ย 

Key point: Yonah accepts responsibility for the storm, but Malbim stresses that confession is not yet teshuvah.

1:13

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฐืชึฐึผืจื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืœึฐื”ึธืฉึดืื™ื‘ ืึถืœึพื”ึทื™ึทึผื‘ึธึผืฉึธืื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื›ึนืœื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐืกึนืขึตืจ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืืƒ

The men rowed hard to return to dry land, but they could not, for the sea was growing increasingly stormy against them.

Radak

ื•ื™ื—ืชืจื•. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืชื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: โ€œื•ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ืŸโ€. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ โ€œืœื”ืฉื™ื‘โ€ - ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ืกืขื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืชืฆื ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”.

โ€œAnd the men rowed hardโ€ - they gripped the oars to bring the ship back to dry land, for one who grips an oar and propels the ship through the sea is, as it were, digging (hoter) through the sea. Targum Yonatan renders it โ€œand they rowed.โ€ As for the word โ€œto bring backโ€ (lโ€™hashiv) - since the ship had originally set out from dry land, its return to dry land is described as a โ€œreturn.โ€

Radak 1:13ย 

Malbim - The attempt to return (1:13)

ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืชืจื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืคื•, ื•ืื ืขืงืจ ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืณ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืืจืฆื• ืฉื‘ืจื— ืžืฉื, ื”ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื— ืืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•; ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืกืขืจ, ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

They tried to test whether Hashemโ€™s principal intention was to return Yonah to the land from which he had fled. If so, they should be able to row back to Yafo and restore the runaway servant to his Master. They could not, because Yonah himself had not returned in repentance.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:13ย 

Key point: The sailors continue trying to preserve Yonahโ€™s life even after he has identified the apparent solution.

1:14

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึถืœึพื”ืณ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึธื ึธึผื” ื”ืณ ืึทืœึพื ึธื ื ึนืื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืึทืœึพืชึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื“ึธึผื ื ึธืงึดื™ื ื›ึดึผื™ึพืึทืชึธึผื” ื”ืณ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธืคึทืฆึฐืชึธึผ ืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธืƒ

They called to Hashem and said, โ€˜Please, Hashem, do not let us perish on account of this manโ€™s life, and do not place innocent blood upon us; for You, Hashem, have done as You desired.โ€™

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ืงืจืื•: ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื.

ื‘. ืื ื”: ื‘ื”โ€ื.

ื’. ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ืืœโ€ืฃ, ื›ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืœโ€ืฃ - โ€œื ื‘ื™ืโ€, โ€œื ืฉื™ืโ€.

a. โ€œAnd they called outโ€: Self-explanatory.

b. โ€œPleaseโ€ (anna): Spelled with a final he.

c. โ€œInnocentโ€ (naki, spelled naki-alef): Spelled here with a final alef, in the manner of words in this category, like navi and nasi.

Radak 1:14ย 

Malbim - The sailorsโ€™ moral danger (1:14)

ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ืืœ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืื ื ื”ืณ ืืœ ื ื ื ืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืœื ื ืฉืœื™ื›ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืœื ื ืื‘ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉื• ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ื ืื‘ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืื ื ืฉืœื™ื›ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื, ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ื‘ืงืฉ: ืืœ ืชืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื“ื ื ืงื™, ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืชื•, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื™ืขื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื• ื“ืŸ ืื ื›ื™, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื•ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืื ื” ืœื™ื“ื•. ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื”ืณ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฆืช ืขืฉื™ืช. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื ื•, ืจืง ืืœื™ืš, ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืขืจ ื•ื—ืคืฆืช ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ืขืฉื™ืช; ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื ืฉืœื™ื›ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืš, ืœื ืœื ื•.

They called to Hashem and said, โ€˜Please, Hashem, let us not perish because of this manโ€™s life.โ€™ That is: if we do not cast him into the sea, we will perish because of this manโ€™s life; because of his guilty life all of us will be lost, and that would not be right. But if we do cast him into the sea, then we ask: โ€˜Do not place innocent blood upon usโ€™ by punishing us for drowning him. Even when a person is liable to punishment by Heaven and receives that punishment through human beings, the one who kills him may still be punished - as it says, โ€˜But I will also judge the nation whom they serveโ€™, and as the Sages explained concerning โ€˜God caused it to come to his handโ€™. โ€˜For You, Hashem, have done as You desiredโ€™ means that this deed should not be attributed to us but to You: You raised the storm and wished to drown him in the sea, and You brought this about. We are compelled to act, since if we do not cast him into the sea we will all drown. The act is therefore attributed to You, not to us.

Source: Malbim on Jonah 1:14ย 

Key point: The sailorsโ€™ prayer shows that necessity does not remove their fear of committing murder.

1:15

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืึถืชึพื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื˜ึดืœึปื”ื•ึผ ืึถืœึพื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืžึดื–ึทึผืขึฐืคึผื•ึนืƒ

They lifted Yonah and cast him into the sea, and the sea ceased from its raging.

Radak

ื•ื™ืฉืื•. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื.

โ€œAnd they lifted up Yonah [and cast him into the sea]โ€ - self-explanatory.

Radak 1:15ย 

Metzudat Tziyon - The sea โ€˜stoodโ€™ (1:15)

ื•ื™ืขืžื“ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืงื”. ืžื–ืขืคื• - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืฆืฃ; ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืฉืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื– ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืžืชืงืฆืฃ.

โ€˜The sea stoodโ€™ means that it became silent. โ€˜From its ragingโ€™ is language of anger: the crashing of the waves makes the sea appear furious.

Source: Metzudat Zion on Jonah 1:15ย 

Key point: The immediate calm confirms that the storm was directed at Yonah.

1:16

Verse

ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืจึฐืื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืึถืชึพื”ืณ ื•ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐื‘ึฐึผื—ื•ึผึพื–ึถื‘ึทื— ืœึทื”ืณ ื•ึทื™ึดึผื“ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ื ึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ืืƒ

The men feared Hashem with great fear; they offered a sacrifice to Hashem and made vows.

Radak

ื. ื•ื™ื™ืจืื•, ื•ื™ื–ื‘ื—ื• ื–ื‘ื—: ืื™ืš ื–ื‘ื—ื• ื–ื‘ื— ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”? ืืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•: โ€œื•ืืžืจื• ืœื“ื‘ื—ื ื“ื‘ื— ืงื“ื ื”ืณ.โ€

ื‘. ื•ื™ื“ืจื• ื ื“ืจื™ื: ืฉืืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ื–ื‘ื—, ื›ืžื• ืœืชืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.

a. โ€œAnd they offered a sacrificeโ€: How could they have offered an actual sacrifice on board a ship? Rather, its meaning follows Targum Yonatan: โ€œand they said they would offer a sacrifice before Hashemโ€ [i.e., they vowed to do so once ashore, rather than performing it there and then].

b. โ€œAnd they made vowsโ€: Other vows besides the sacrifice - such as to give charity to the poor.

Radak 1:16ย 

Rashi - The sailorsโ€™ vows (1:16)

ื•ื™ื“ืจื• ื ื“ืจื™ื - ืฉื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•.

โ€˜They made vowsโ€™ - that they would convert.

Source: Rashi on Jonah 1:16ย 

Key point: The chapter begins with Yonah fleeing from before Hashem and ends with foreign sailors fearing Hashem and undertaking future religious commitments.

Chapter in view

Yonah tries to withdraw from prophecy; the sailors move from fear of danger to fear of Hashem. Their prayers and actions keep exposing the mission he has refused. The chapter ends with their vows, while Yonah has disappeared beneath the sea.

Questions from the text

  1. According to Malbim, what possible solutions are the sailors offering when they ask, โ€˜What should we do with you?โ€™
  2. What responsibility does Yonah accept through the word beshelli, and what does Malbim say he still refuses to do?
  3. Why do the sailors continue rowing after Yonah has told them how to stop the storm? How do Radak and Malbim explain their attempt to return to land?
  4. What two dangers do the sailors identify in their prayer before casting Yonah into the sea?
  5. According to Radak, did the sailors sacrifice while aboard the ship? What future commitments did they undertake?
  6. How does Rashiโ€™s understanding of the vows differ from Radakโ€™s, and what change has taken place in the sailorsโ€™ fear between verses 5 and 16?

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