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Jeremiah 8

ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื—ืณ

Section: ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ยท ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื | Book: Jeremiah | Chapter: 8 of 52 | Day: 221 of 742

Date: September 20, 2026


ืงืœืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืดืš

Chapter 8 opens where chapter 7 left off, in the valley of Ben Hinnom among the graves, and it opens with an image so grotesque that the classical commentators felt obliged to explain why it counts as punishment at all. Baโ€™et hahi, at that time, the bones of the kings of Yehudah and of her officers, the bones of the kohanim and the bones of the neviโ€™im and the bones of the inhabitants of Yerushalayim will be brought out of their graves and spread out before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven - asher ahevum vaโ€™asher avadum vaโ€™asher halchu achareihem vaโ€™asher derashum vaโ€™asher hishtachavu lahem. The fivefold verb chain is the whole indictment compressed into one breath: they loved them, served them, walked after them, sought them out, bowed to them. Metzudat David identifies the priests here as the priests of the Baโ€™al and the prophets as the false prophets, which turns the exhumation into a precise irony - the men who taught Yerushalayim to worship the heavenly bodies are laid out before those same bodies, and the gods they courted will neither shelter nor bury them. Radak notes that Sefer Melachim never records the Kasdim doing this, so the prophecy stands on its own testimony, and he raises the sharpest theological question the passage provokes: Chazal read the desecration of graves as a punishment inflicted on the living for the sins of the living, but if so, why does the next verse say death is preferable to life? His answer preserves both readings, but the image survives the debate intact. Lo yeโ€™asfu vโ€™lo yikaveru, lโ€™domen al pnei haโ€™adamah yihyu - they will not be gathered in and they will not be buried; they will be dung on the face of the earth. This is the one thing every ancient culture, and Israel above all, believed it owed its dead, and it is withheld. And then verse 3, which is somehow worse than the bones: vโ€™nivchar mavet mechayim, death will be chosen over life by all the remnant that remains. Rashi puts the logic with terrible economy - though they see the dead subjected to disgrace, the distress of the living is greater than that, and they will choose death anyway.

Out of that horror the chapter pivots, without transition, to a question - and the question is the theological heart of Sefer Yirmiyahu. Hayiplโ€™u vโ€™lo yakumu, im yashuv vโ€™lo yashuv. Do men fall and not get up? Does one turn away and not return? The Hebrew is deliberately ambiguous and every commentator hears it differently, which is the point. Metzudat David reads two rhetorical questions in sequence: is it really the case that they fall in their sin and cannot rise, that teshuvah does not avail? and if one of them repents, will Hashem not turn back from His anger? On that reading the verse is an argument for the possibility of return so obvious that nature itself supplies the analogy - a man who trips gets up, a traveler who takes a wrong road turns around, and only this people has decided that falling is permanent. Radak binds the verse to the one that follows and makes it historical rather than logical: how many times have they fallen under the punishment of their deeds and then risen again when they returned? Has there ever once been a fall without a rising, or a genuine return that God did not answer? If not - madua shovevah, why then this backsliding? Rashi, characteristically, keeps the darker possibility in play, offering as a second reading that even if they repent the repentance will not hold, since they will hurry back to their wickedness, and citing the Targum: as for returning, it is revealed before Me that they will not return. Verse 5 answers the question with a diagnosis rather than an excuse. Meshuvah nitzachat - Rashi glosses it as meshuvat olam, a perpetual backsliding, from netzach, forever. Hechziku batarmit meโ€™anu lashuv: they held fast to deceit and refused to return. The verb hechziku is one of grip, not drift. And in verse 6 the prophet says he listened and heard, hikshavti vaโ€™eshma, and no man regrets his evil saying meh asiti, what have I done - three of the loneliest words in Neviโ€™im. Instead kulo shav bimrutzatam kโ€™sus shotef bamilchamah, each turning back into his own headlong course like a horse charging in battle. Metzudat David draws out what makes the simile devastating: the war horse rushes forward though the charge will cost it its life, and so do they, pursuing evil while destroying themselves in the pursuit.

Then comes verse 7, and the argument leaves the human world entirely. Gam chasidah bashamayim yadโ€™ah moโ€™adeha, vโ€™tor vโ€™sis vโ€™agur shamru et et boโ€™anah, vโ€™ami lo yadโ€™u et mishpat Hashem. Even the stork in the sky knows her appointed times, and the turtledove and the swift and the crane keep the time of their coming, but My people do not know the ordinance of the Lord. Yirmiyahu has reached for the migratory birds, and Radak explains exactly why the choice is so damning: these creatures have no sechel, no reason, only the imaginative faculty, and yet by that alone they know to move away from harm and toward good, and they keep the practice they were raised in without ever varying it. My people have sechel, were taught Torah by their teachers, inherited the way from their fathers generation after generation - and they do not know. Radak adds a lovely detail about the stork: she is called bashamayim, in the sky, because she nests high, in towers among settlements and in tall trees in the wilderness, as Tehillim says chasidah beroshim beitah. Metzudat David notes that these birds are not in any human beingโ€™s possession - no one trains them, no one enforces their schedule - and still they neither come early nor arrive late. The verse belongs to a family of prophetic arguments from nature, the closest cousin being Yeshayahuโ€™s yada shor konehu vachamor evus beโ€™alav, and Radak makes the connection explicitly. But Yirmiyahuโ€™s version cuts deeper than Yeshayahuโ€™s, because the ox and the donkey are domesticated and might be said to know their owner from proximity. The stork answers to nobody. She keeps her moโ€™adim because that is what it is to be a stork - and Israel, whose moโ€™adim are written and taught and sung, does not keep hers. Radak also preserves the aggadic reading of chasidah as the white kite, named for the chesed she does with her fellows in sharing food, which quietly doubles the indictment: even the birdโ€™s name is a virtue this people has lost.

Verse 8 turns from the ignorant to the learned, and lands the most explosive line in the chapter. Eichah tomru chachamim anachnu vโ€™torat Hashem itanu - how do you say, we are wise, and the Torah of the Lord is with us? Achen hineh lasheker asah et sheker sofrim - assuredly, behold, in vain the pen has worked, the scribesโ€™ pen a lie. The phrase has been read, in modern times, as an accusation that the scribes falsified the text, and it is worth saying plainly that this is not how any of the commentators on this page understand it. Metzudat David reads lasheker as lechinam, for nothing: the one who made the quill to write the sefer Torah made it for nothing, and the scribes who wrote the Torah wrote for nothing, since you do not keep it. Radak says the same with a sharper edge - if you do not fulfill it, then for all your possession of the scroll it is as though it were never written at all. Torat Hashem itanu, on Radakโ€™s reading, is a boast of ownership: the Torah is with us, it is in our keeping, it is written and shelved. And the prophetโ€™s answer is that a Torah that changes nothing is a Torah that has been made into a lie, not by the scribeโ€™s hand but by the readerโ€™s life. Rashi takes a different path - the false pen is the false prophet, and the wisdom the people claim is the wisdom of the men who heal them al nekalah - which folds verse 8 directly into verse 11. Either way the target is the same: the professional religious class. Verse 9 completes the demolition. Hovishu chachamim, chatu vayilacheidu - the wise are shamed, dismayed, and caught; hineh bidvar Hashem maโ€™asu vโ€™chochmat meh lahem, they have rejected the word of the Lord, so what wisdom is theirs? Radakโ€™s comment is one of the most quotable on the page: wisdom without Torah does not avail. The wise men will be ashamed at the moment they discover that their chochmah cannot save them, and will see that had they occupied themselves with Torah and kept it, it would have saved them from the evils now arriving. Verse 11 then repeats verbatim from chapter 6 the line that names the failure exactly - vayerapโ€™u et shever bat ami al nekalah lemor shalom shalom vโ€™ein shalom. They heal the fracture of the daughter of My people lightly, saying peace, peace, and there is no peace. Metzudat David reads the healing as a kind of anaesthesia: they remove the worry of the coming disaster from the peopleโ€™s hearts. The wound is real, the treatment is a word, and the word is false. And verse 12 gives the aftermath in the flattest possible register - hovishu ki toโ€™evah asu, gam bosh lo yevoshu vโ€™hikalem lo yadaโ€™u. They did an abomination and did not blush; they did not even know what shame is.

From verse 13 the chapter descends into the disaster itself and then, astonishingly, into the prophet. Asof asifem - no grapes on the vine, no figs on the fig tree, the leaf withered. Radak notes that grapes and figs are named because they are the staples, the very pair used in the Torahโ€™s blessing and its curse. Verse 14 is spoken by the people, and it is the sound of a population deciding there is nowhere to go: al mah anachnu yoshvim, why are we sitting here - gather, let us come into the fortified cities vโ€™nidmah sham. Radak preserves two readings of nidmah, from damam, to be silent, and from a root of being cut off, and the pun is the verseโ€™s whole meaning: they will go to the fortresses to be silent there, and they will be destroyed there, and they know it. Ki Hashem Elokeinu hidimanu vayashkenu mei rosh ki chatanu laโ€™Hashem - He has silenced us and given us poison water to drink, for we have sinned. It is the only confession in the chapter and it comes too late to be teshuvah; it is resignation wearing the vocabulary of repentance. Verse 15 gives the shape of that despair - kaveh lโ€™shalom vโ€™ein tov, lโ€™et marpeh vโ€™hineh veโ€™atah, hope for peace and there is no good, for a time of healing and behold, terror. Then the sound arrives: midan nishma nachrat susav, from Dan the snorting of his horses is heard, and at the noise of the neighing of his stallions the whole land quakes. Metzudat David captures the geography of dread - the enemy is still at Dan, at the far northern edge of the land, and already the sound has reached Yerushalayim. Rashi, following the Targum, hears in Dan a measure-for-measure: it was in Dan that they worshipped the calf. And verse 17 closes Godโ€™s speech with serpents and adders asher ein lahem lachash, that have no charm - Rashi cites the tradition that a snake becomes a tzifโ€™oni after seventy years and stops its ear against the charmer, like the deaf asp of Tehillim, while Metzudat David decodes the metaphor for the political situation: you will not be able to appease this enemy with soft words and pleading.

And then, from verse 18 to the end, the oracle breaks and something else speaks. Mavligiti alei yagon, alai libi davai - Rashi reads mavligiti as a noun of suppression: if I said I would restrain and hold in my grief, still my heart is sick within me, and he specifies the cause, from the sound of the prophecies of the coming retributions that are revealed to me. Radak preserves his brother Rabbi Mosheโ€™s reading, that the prophet addresses grief itself and tells it that he cannot hold out against it, and he adds a note that explains the word alai, upon me: this is the prophetโ€™s own sorrow added to the sorrow of Israel, the pain of rebuking them and not being heard. What makes verses 18 through 23 extraordinary is that the speaker keeps changing without warning and it is genuinely unclear who is weeping. Verse 19 begins hineh kol shavโ€™at bat ami meโ€™eretz merchakim - the voice of the cry of the daughter of My people from a distant land - and the cry itself asks haโ€™Hashem ein bโ€™Tzion im malkah ein bah, is the Lord not in Tzion, is her King not within her? and then, in the same verse, a second voice answers madua hichโ€™isuni bifsileihem bโ€™havlei nechar, why did they anger Me with their idols, with alien vanities? The bat ami of verse 19 is the people speaking; the Me of the second half is the Ribbono shel Olam; the mourner of verse 21 who says hoshbarti, I am broken, is the prophet; and the mi yiten roshi mayim of verse 23 could be either. Radak notes on verse 21 that Yonatan read it as the speech of Yerushalayim herself rather than of Yirmiyahu, which is exactly the ambiguity in question - the classical readers could not settle it either. The effect is not confusion but fusion. Grief has become the one thing prophet, people and God hold in common, and the chapter refuses to sort out whose voice is whose because at this point it hardly matters. Verse 20 is the most quoted line of the four and the most exact: avar katzir kalah kayitz vaโ€™anachnu lo noshaโ€™nu, the harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we are not saved. Rashi grounds it in politics - they had been waiting for Egyptian help, telling themselves the Egyptians would come once the harvest was done and they were free, and the harvest of Iyar passed and the summer of Tammuz passed and no one came. Radak reads it as pure metaphor: harvest and summer are the seasons in which a person is relieved and made glad, and the times we counted on for rescue have gone by. Metzudat David hears in it the ache of tocheilet memushachah, hope deferred. Both readings are true and the verse outlives both, because everyone who has ever watched a window of possibility close knows the sentence from the inside. Then verse 22, the most famous line in the chapter and among the best known in all of Neviโ€™im: hatzori ein bโ€™Gilad im rofeh ein sham, ki madua lo altah aruchat bat ami. Is there no balm in Gilad? Is there no physician there? Why then has the healing of the daughter of My people not come up? Rashi and Radak both note that Gilad was where the tzori came from, citing Yirmiyahuโ€™s own later line ali Gilad ukโ€™chi tzori, and both make the metaphor explicit rather than leaving it as a lament about medicine. Rashi: were there no righteous men among them from whom to learn, so that they might mend their ways? Radak: is there no chasid among them for whose sake God would grant atonement? Metzudat David: have they no Torah and mitzvot, have they no sages to teach them the way? The question is unanswerable precisely because the answer is yes - the balm was there, the physicians were there, and the wound stayed open anyway. The chapter ends with the prophet wishing his head were water and his eye a fountain of tears so that he might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of his people, and this weeping is not a coda but the chapterโ€™s real conclusion. Yirmiyahu had begun with bones that no one would bury; he ends offering to be the mourner nobody else will be.


ืคืจืง ื—ืณ ยท Chapter 8

ืคืกื•ืง ืืณ ยท Verse 1

Hebrew:

ื‘ึผึธืขึตึฃืช ื”ึทื”ึดึฃื™ื ื ึฐืึปืึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึกื” (ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื•) [ื™ื•ึนืฆึดึฃื™ืื•ึผ] ืึถืชึพืขึทืฆึฐืžึฃื•ึนืช ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ึพื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึฃื” ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืชึพืฉื‚ึธืจึธื™ื•ึฉ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึทืฆึฐืžึจื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดึœื™ื ื•ึฐืึตึฃืชโ€‰ื€ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึฃื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดึ—ื™ื ื•ึฐืึตึ›ืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžึฅื•ึนืช ื™ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตึฝื™ึพื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธึ–อึดื ืžึดืงึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถึฝืืƒ

English:

At that timeโ€”declares GODโ€”the bones of the kings of Judah, of its officers, of the priests, of the prophets, and of the inhabitants of Jerusalem shall be taken out of their graves

The chapter opens with an act of desecration: at that time the bones of the kings of Yehudah, of her officers, of the kohanim, of the nevi'im and of the inhabitants of Yerushalayim will be brought out of their graves. Metzudat David explains that the invading enemies will exhume them in order to shame them, and identifies the priests here as the priests of the Ba'al and the prophets as the false prophets - the very men who led the city astray. Radak observes that Sefer Melachim never records the Kasdim doing this at the churban, so the prophecy stands on Yirmiyahu's testimony alone, and he stresses the wording: they will be brought out, not come out on their own.

ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืณ ยท Verse 2

Hebrew:

ื•ึผืฉืึฐื˜ึธื—ื•ึผืึฉ ืœึทืฉืึผึถึจืžึถืฉื ื•ึฐืœึทื™ึผึธืจึตึœื—ึท ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึนึฃืœโ€‰ื€ ืฆึฐื‘ึธึฃื ื”ึทืฉืึผึธืžึทึ—ื™ึดื ืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ืึฒื”ึตื‘ึœื•ึผื ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถึคืจ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึผืึ™ ื•ึทึฝืึฒืฉืึถืจึ™ ื”ึธืœึฐื›ึฃื•ึผ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื“ึผึฐืจึธืฉืึ”ื•ึผื ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ื”ึดึฝืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ึ–ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถึ‘ื ืœึนึคื ื™ึตืึธึฝืกึฐืคื•ึผึ™ ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ื™ึดืงึผึธื‘ึตึ”ืจื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึนึ›ืžึถืŸ ืขึทืœึพืคึผึฐื ึตึฅื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธึ–ื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึฝื•ึผืƒ

English:

and exposed to the sun, the moon, and all the host of heaven that they loved and served and followed, to which they turned and bowed down. They shall not be gathered for reburial; they shall become dung upon the face of the earth.

The bones are spread out before the sun, the moon and all the host of heaven - the very powers that this generation loved, served, walked after, sought out and bowed down to, named in a fivefold chain that is the whole indictment compressed into one breath. Metzudat David reads asher ahevum as loving them enough to accept them as gods, and the doubled verbs as marking how constant the worship was; the gods they courted will now neither shelter nor bury them. Radak notes that they will lie on the ground so long that they rot into soil and dung, and he records the dispute in Chazal over whether desecration of graves is a punishment of the dead or of the living, a question the next verse sharpens. Rashi adds a grim practical detail: the Kasdim besieging the city will lodge in the graves of the nobles, which were as fine as palaces.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื•ื ืœืฉืžืฉ. ื•ื”ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืื™ื ื›ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ: ืœื“ื•ืžืŸ. ืœื–ื‘ืœ:
And spread them before the sun And the Chaldeans shall dwell when they besiege the city, in the graves of the princes, that were as beautiful as palaces. for dung For fertilizer.

ืคืกื•ืง ื’ืณ ยท Verse 3

Hebrew:

ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐื—ึทึฅืจ ืžึธึ™ื•ึถืชึ™ ืžึตื—ึทื™ึผึดึ”ื™ื ืœึฐื›ึนึ—ืœ ื”ึทืฉืึผึฐืึตืจึดื™ืชึ™ ื”ึทื ึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืจึดึ”ื™ื ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื—ึธึฅื” ื”ึธืจึธืขึธึ–ื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนึ‘ืืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ื‡ืœึพื”ึทืžึผึฐืงึนืžึคื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืจึดื™ืึ™ ืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื”ึดื“ึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึดึฃื™ื ืฉืึธึ”ื ื ึฐืึปึ–ื ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฅื” ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึฝื•ึนืชืƒย {ืก} ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

English:

And death shall be preferable to life for all that are left of this wicked folk, in all the other places to which I shall banish themโ€”declares GOD of Hosts.

Death will be preferable to life for the whole remnant that survives, in every place to which they are banished. Rashi puts the logic with terrible economy - though they see the dead subjected to disgrace, the distress of the living is greater still, and so they will choose death. Metzudat David and Radak agree that the survivors are the exiles, handed over as slaves to a cruel and pitiless people, and Radak reads the verse as the counterweight to the previous one: the dead are punished by exhumation, the living by a life not worth having.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื. ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืช:
And death shall be preferable to life Although they see the dead being subjected to disgrace, the distress of the living is worse than that, and they will choose death.

ืคืกื•ืง ื“ืณ ยท Verse 4

Hebrew:

ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธึฃ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ—ื ื›ึผึนึšื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ”ื” ื”ึฒื™ึดืคึผึฐืœึ–ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ื™ึธืงึ‘ื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืึดืึพื™ึธืฉืึ–ื•ึผื‘ ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื™ึธืฉืึฝื•ึผื‘ืƒ

English:

Say to them: Thus said GOD: When people fall, do they not get up again? If they turn aside, do they not turn back?

Here is the theological heart of the chapter, put as a question: do men fall and not get up, does one turn away and not return? Metzudat David hears two rhetorical questions in sequence - is teshuvah really unable to raise them from their fall, and if one of them does repent, will Hashem not turn back from His anger? Radak binds the verse to the next and makes it historical: how many times have they fallen under the punishment of their deeds and risen again on returning, so why this time do they refuse? Rashi keeps a darker reading in play alongside the plain one, citing the Targum that even were they to repent it would not hold, since they hurry straight back to their wickedness.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื™ืคืœื• ื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ืžื•. ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ืžื”: ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžืจืขืชื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื’ื–ื™ืจืชื•, ื“"ื ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืžื”ืจื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืฉืขืชื ื•ื›ืŸ ืช"ื™ ืื ืœืžื™ืชื‘ ื’ืœื™ ืงื“ืžื™ ื“ืœื ื™ืชื•ื‘ื•ืŸ:
Shall they fall and not rise Is it good for them to cast themselves into a fall from which there is no rising? if he repents, will He not return? If they wish to repent of their wickedness, will the Holy One, blessed be He, not return from His decree? Another explanation: If they repent, the repentance will not be permanent, for they will quickly return to their wickedness, and in this manner Jonathan rendered it: If to repent, it is revealed before Me that they will not repent.

ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืณ ยท Verse 5

Hebrew:

ืžึทื“ึผึจื•ึผืขึท ืฉืื•ึนื‘ึฐื‘ึธึœื” ื”ึธืขึธึฅื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ›ื” ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึ–อึดื ืžึฐืฉืึปื‘ึธึฃื” ื ึดืฆึผึทึ‘ื—ึทืช ื”ึถื—ึฑื–ึดึ™ื™ืงื•ึผึ™ ื‘ึผึทืชึผึทืจึฐืžึดึ”ืช ืžึตืึฒื ึ–ื•ึผ ืœึธืฉืึฝื•ึผื‘ืƒ

English:

Why is this peopleโ€”Jerusalemโ€”rebellious With a persistent rebellion? They cling to deceit, They refuse to return.

The answer to verse 4 is a diagnosis, not an excuse: why is this people, Yerushalayim, backsliding with a meshuvah nitzachat - which Rashi glosses as meshuvat olam, a perpetual backsliding, from netzach, forever. They hold fast to deceit and refuse to return, and the verb hechziku is one of grip rather than drift; Metzudat David reads it as clinging to their cunning as though repentance could accomplish nothing. Radak notes that the feminine verb shovevah is used because the subject is really the community, and that they seem to want to hold on to the deceit permanently.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืžืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืฆื—ืช. ืžืฉื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื ืฆื—: ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื•. ืื—ื–ื•: ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืช. ื‘ืžืจืžื”:
a perpetual backsliding Heb. ืžืฉื‘ื” ื ืฆื—ืช, a perpetual backsliding, like ื ืฆื—, perpetual. They have held Heb. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื•. to deceit Heb. ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืช.

ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืณ ยท Verse 6

Hebrew:

ื”ึดืงึฐืฉืึทึคื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึธึฝืึถืฉืึฐืžึธืขึ™ ืœื•ึนืึพื›ึตึฃืŸ ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตึ”ืจื•ึผ ืึตึฃื™ืŸ ืึดึ—ื™ืฉื ื ึดื—ึธืึ™ ืขึทืœึพืจึธึฃืขึธืชึ”ื•ึน ืœึตืืžึนึ–ืจ ืžึถึฃื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึดึ‘ื™ืชึดื™ ื›ึผึปืœึผึนึ—ื” ืฉืึธึšื‘ (ื‘ืžืจืฆื•ืชื) [ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืจึฃื•ึผืฆึธืชึธึ”ื] ื›ึผึฐืกึฅื•ึผืก ืฉืื•ึนื˜ึตึ–ืฃ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

I have listened and heard: They do not speak honestly. No one regrets their own wickedness And says, โ€œWhat have I done!โ€ They all persist in their wayward course Like a steed dashing forward in the fray.

The prophet says he listened and heard - hikshavti va'eshma - and among all their speech there is not one man who regrets his evil and says meh asiti, what have I done. Radak pictures him walking among them, straining to catch a single decent word, and hearing none; Metzudat David notes that it is not merely that they think repentance useless, it is that no one feels the pang of regret at all. Instead each returns to his headlong course like a horse charging in battle, and Metzudat David draws out what makes the simile devastating: the war horse rushes forward though the charge will cost it its life, and so do they, destroying themselves in the pursuit.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืœื ื›ืŸ. ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืœืคื—ื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืดื–:ื–ืณ): ื›ืœื” ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืจืฆื•ืชื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื, ืžืจื•ืฆืชื ืงื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืœืขื–: ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ. ืื™ืฉืคืจื™ื“ื™"ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื–:
not...properly Heb. ืœื ื›ืŸ, not right, cf. (Num. 27:7) "The daughters of Zelaphehad speak justly (ื›ึผืŸ). Each one turns away in his course [lit. in their course.] In the first way. They sin and repeatedly sin. ืžืจื•ืฆืชื is korse in O.F. like a frightening effaye in French.

ืคืกื•ืง ื–ืณ ยท Verse 7

Hebrew:

ื’ึผึทืึพื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึธึฃื” ื‘ึทืฉืึผึธืžึทึ—ื™ึดื ื™ึธึฝื“ึฐืขึธื”ึ™ ืžื•ึนืขึฒื“ึถึ”ื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐืชึนึคืจ (ื•ืกื•ืก) [ื•ึฐืกึดื™ืกึ™] ื•ึฐืขึธื’ึ”ื•ึผืจ ืฉืึธืžึฐืจึ–ื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืขึตึฃืช ื‘ึผึนืึธึ‘ื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผึดึ•ื™ ืœึนึฃื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขึ”ื•ึผ ืึตึ–ืช ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทึฅื˜ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

Even the stork in the sky knows its seasons, And the turtledove, swift, and crane Keep the time of their coming; But My people pay no heed To GODโ€™s law.

One of the most quoted verses in Nach, and the chapter's argument from nature: even the stork in the sky knows her seasons, and the turtledove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their coming, but My people do not know the ordinance of the Lord. Radak explains exactly why the comparison is so damning - these creatures have no sechel at all, only the imaginative faculty, and by that alone they keep their pattern without ever varying it, while Israel has reason, inherited Torah from teachers and fathers, and still does not know; he explicitly links the verse to Yeshayahu's yada shor konehu vachamor evus be'alav. Metzudat David sharpens the point further: these birds are in nobody's possession, no one trains or enforces their schedule, and yet they neither come early nor arrive late. Radak also preserves the aggadic reading of chasidah as the white kite, named for the chesed she does with her fellows in sharing out food, and notes she is called bashamayim because she nests high, as Tehillim says chasidah beroshim beitah.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื—ืกื™ื“ื”. ืฆื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื"ื” ื‘ืœืขื–: ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื”. ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื ืืœ ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื ื” ื•ืขืช ืฉื•ื‘ื: ืฉืžืจื•. ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•: ื•ืชื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ืก ื•ืขื’ื•ืจ. ื•ืฉืคื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืกื ื•ื ื™ืชื, ื›ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื"ื” ื‘ืœืขื– ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืœ"ื ื‘ืœืขื–:
Even the stork (Cigogne in French). her seasons The time they pass to the islands of the sea because of the cold, and the time of their return. await Heb. ืฉืžืจื•. and the turtledove and the crane and the swallow Jonathan renders: ื•ืฉืคื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ึผืกื ื•ึผื ื™ืชื. ื›ึผื•ืจื›ื™ื is (grue in French), a crane. ืกื ื•ึผื ื™ืชื is (hirondelle in French), a swallow.

ืคืกื•ืง ื—ืณ ยท Verse 8

Hebrew:

ืึตื™ื›ึธึคื” ืชึนึฝืืžึฐืจื•ึผึ™ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดึฃื™ื ืึฒื ึทึ”ื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึทึฅืช ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ–ื” ืึดืชึผึธึ‘ื ื•ึผ ืึธื›ึตืŸึ™ ื”ึดื ึผึตึฃื” ืœึทืฉืึผึถึฃืงึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธึ”ื” ืขึตึ–ื˜ ืฉืึถึฅืงึถืจ ืกึนืคึฐืจึดึฝื™ืืƒ

English:

How can you say, โ€œWe are wise, And we possess GODโ€™s Instructionโ€? Assuredly, for naught has the pen labored, For naught the scribes!

The most explosive line in the chapter turns from the ignorant to the learned: how can you say we are wise and the Torah of the Lord is with us, when in fact the lying pen of the scribes has made it a lie. The commentators here do not read this as an accusation that the text was falsified. Metzudat David takes lasheker as lechinam, for nothing - the one who shaped the quill to write the sefer Torah made it for nothing, and the scribes who wrote it wrote for nothing, since you do not keep it. Radak reads torat Hashem itanu as a boast of mere possession and answers that a Torah you do not fulfill is as though it were never written; Rashi takes a different path, identifying the false pen with the false prophet, which folds this verse straight into the shalom shalom of verse 11.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืื›ืŸ ื”ื ื” ืœืฉืงืจ. ื”ื ื” ื—ื›ืžืชื›ื ืœืฉืงืจ ื‘ื›ื ืœืจืคืื•ืชื›' ืขืœ ื ืงืœื”: ืขืฉื” ืขื˜ ืฉืงืจ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ื ื‘ื™ืื›ื:
Verily, behold it is in vain Behold your wisdom is in vain within you to heal you lightly. he made a false scribes' pen i.e., your prophet.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืณ ยท Verse 9

Hebrew:

ื”ึนื‘ึดึฃืฉืื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดึ”ื™ื ื—ึทึ–ืชึผื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึผึธื›ึตึ‘ื“ื•ึผ ื”ึดื ึผึตึคื” ื‘ึดื“ึฐื‘ึทืจึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธื”ึ™ ืžึธืึธึ”ืกื•ึผ ื•ึฐื—ื‡ื›ึฐืžึทึฅืช ืžึถึ–ื” ืœึธื”ึถึฝืืƒ

English:

The wise men shall be put to shame, Shall be dismayed and caught; See, they reject the word of GOD, So their wisdom amounts to nothing.

The demolition of the wise is completed: they are shamed, dismayed and caught, for they rejected the word of the Lord - so what wisdom is theirs? Radak's comment is the memorable one: wisdom without Torah does not avail, and the shame will strike at the exact moment they discover their chochmah cannot save them and see that Torah kept would have. Metzudat David reads chochmat meh lahem as the closing question - what is this wisdom of theirs, given that it saves nobody, and what is left for them to boast of? Rashi hears the whole verse as aimed at the self-styled wise men of Yirmiyahu's own audience.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”' ืžืืกื• ื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืžื” ืœื”ื:
Wise men were ashamed i.e., wise men like you. And what is the shame? Behold, they rejected the word of the Lord, now what wisdom have they?

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืณ ยท Verse 10

Hebrew:

ืœึธื›ึตืŸึฉ ืึถืชึผึตึจืŸ ืึถืชึพื ึฐืฉืึตื™ื”ึถึœื ืœึทืึฒื—ึตืจึดึ—ื™ื ืฉื‚ึฐื“ึฝื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ืœึฐื™ึฃื•ึนืจึฐืฉืึดึ”ื™ื ื›ึผึดึคื™ ืžึดืงึผึธื˜ึนืŸึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึพื’ึผึธื“ึ”ื•ึนืœ ื›ึผึปืœึผึนึ–ื” ื‘ึผึนืฆึตึฃืขึท ื‘ึผึธึ‘ืฆึทืข ืžึดื ึผึธื‘ึดื™ืึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึพื›ึผึนื”ึตึ”ืŸ ื›ึผึปืœึผึนึ–ื” ืขึนึฅืฉื‚ึถื” ืฉืึผึธึฝืงึถืจืƒ

English:

Assuredly, I will give their wives to others, And their fields to dispossessors; For from the smallest to the greatest, They are all greedy for gain; Priest and prophet alike, They all act falsely.

Therefore their wives will be given to others and their fields to dispossessors, for from the least to the greatest all are greedy for gain, and from prophet to priest all deal falsely. Metzudat David again identifies the prophet as the false prophet and the priest as the priest of the Ba'al, so that the corruption runs the full length of the social ladder and then straight through the religious leadership at the top. Radak notes that these verses repeat the language of chapter 6 with small variations, which is itself part of the effect: the indictment has not changed because the people have not.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื ยท Verse 11

Hebrew:

ื•ึทื™ึฐืจึทืคึผึžื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืฉืึถึคื‘ึถืจ ื‘ึผึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดื™ึ™ ืขึทืœึพื ึฐืงึทืœึผึธึ”ื” ืœึตืืžึนึ–ืจ ืฉืึธืœึฃื•ึนืโ€‰ื€โ€‰ืฉืึธืœึ‘ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึตึ–ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœึฝื•ึนืืƒ

English:

They offer healing offhand For the wounds of My poor people, Saying, โ€œAll is well, all is well,โ€ When nothing is well.

The line is repeated verbatim from chapter 6 and names the failure exactly: they heal the fracture of the daughter of My people al nekalah, lightly, saying peace, peace, when there is no peace. Metzudat David reads the healing as a kind of anaesthesia - they take the dread of the coming disaster out of the people's hearts with a cheap and contemptible word, promising that no evil will come. The wound is real, the treatment is a sentence, and the sentence is a lie; Rashi notes only that vayerapu here is the equivalent of vayerap'u, they healed.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ื™ืจืคื•. ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจืคืื•:
And they healed Heb. ื•ื™ืจืคื•, similar to ื•ื™ืจืคืื•.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื‘ ยท Verse 12

Hebrew:

ื”ึนื‘ึดึ•ืฉืื•ึผ ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ืชื•ึนืขึตื‘ึธึ–ื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึ‘ื•ึผ ื’ึผึทืึพื‘ึผึฃื•ึนืฉื ืœึนึฝืึพื™ึตื‘ึนึ—ืฉืื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึธืœึตืึ™ ืœึนึฃื ื™ึธื“ึธึ”ืขื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึตึžืŸ ื™ึดืคึผึฐืœึฃื•ึผ ื‘ึทื ึผึนืคึฐืœึดึ—ื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตึงืช ืคึผึฐืงึปื“ึผึธืชึธึ›ื ื™ึดื›ึผึธืฉืึฐืœึ–ื•ึผ ืึธืžึทึฅืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒย {ืค}

English:

They have acted shamefully; They have done abhorrent thingsโ€” Yet they do not feel shame, They cannot be made to blush. Assuredly, they shall fall among the falling, They shall stumble at the time of their doom โ€”said GOD.

The aftermath is given in the flattest possible register: they did an abomination, and they were not ashamed, and they did not even know what it is to blush. Rashi explains that they are not ashamed of their evil deeds enough to take it to heart and repent - shame here would have been the first step of teshuvah, and it is missing. Metzudat David observes that even people of ordinary decency are mortified when an abomination falls into their hands by accident, and these are prophets and priests doing it deliberately; therefore they will fall among the falling at the time of their reckoning.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื” ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื: ื’ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื•. ืื™ื ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื‘ ืœืฉื•ื‘:
They shall be put to shame Shame and embarrassment shall come upon them. Neither are they ashamed They are not ashamed of their evil deeds to take heart to repent.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื’ ยท Verse 13

Hebrew:

ืึธืกึนึฅืฃ ืึฒืกึดื™ืคึตึ–ื ื ึฐืึปืึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ‘ื” ืึตื™ืŸึฉ ืขึฒื ึธื‘ึดึจื™ื ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึถึœืคึถืŸ ื•ึฐืึตึงื™ืŸ ืชึผึฐืึตื ึดึฃื™ื ื‘ึผึทืชึผึฐืึตื ึธึ—ื” ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึธืœึถื”ึ™ ื ึธื‘ึตึ”ืœ ื•ึธืึถืชึผึตึฅืŸ ืœึธื”ึถึ–ื ื™ึทืขึทื‘ึฐืจึฝื•ึผืืƒ

English:

I will make an end of them โ€”declares GOD: No grapes left on the vine, No figs on the fig tree, The leaves all withered; Whatever I have given them is gone.

Asof asifem - I will utterly gather them in, which Rashi and Radak both read as a word of destruction rather than ingathering: no grapes left on the vine, no figs on the fig tree, the very leaf withered. Radak notes that grapes and figs are named because they are the staple fruits, the same pair used in the Torah's blessing of every man under his vine and his fig tree and in its curse, and that even the leaf falls before its time to compound the ruin. On the closing phrase the readings split - Metzudat David and Radak's plain sense is that what God gave them will pass away from them into the enemy's hands, while Rashi and the Targum read it as the reason for all of it: I gave them statutes and they transgressed them.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืืกื•ืฃ ืืกื™ืคื. ืœ' ื›ืœื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืกื•ืฃ ืืกืฃ ื›ืœ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” (ืฆืคื ื™ื” ืืณ:ื‘ืณ): ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืคืŸ. ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจ: ื•ื”ืขืœื” ื ื‘ืœ. ืœ' ื›ืžื•ืฉ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™"ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื– ื›ืžื• ื•ื›ื ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืชืื ื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœืดื“:ื“ืณ) ื›ืืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ื” (ืฉื ื): ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื•ื. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื:
I will utterly consume them This is an expression of destruction. Comp. (Zeph. 1:2) "I will utterly consume (ืืกืฃ ืืกืฃ) everything from upon the face of the earth." There shall be no grapes on the vine Nothing will be left over. even the leaves will be withered Heb. ื ื‘ืœ, an expression of withering (fleirit in French). Comp. (Isa. 34:4) "and as a withered fig (ื•ึผื›ื ื‘ืœืช) from a fig tree." Also (ibid. 1:30), "like an elm whose leaves are wilting (ื ื‘ืœืช)." for what I gave them they transgressed All this shall befall them because I gave them statutes and they transgressed them.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื“ ยท Verse 14

Hebrew:

ืขึทืœึพืžึธื”ึ™ ืึฒื ึทึฃื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื™ึนึฝืฉืึฐื‘ึดึ”ื™ื ื”ึตืึธืกึฐืคึ—ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธื‘ึ›ื•ึนื ืึถืœึพืขึธืจึตึฅื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดื‘ึฐืฆึธึ–ืจ ื•ึฐื ึดื“ึผึฐืžึธื”ึพืฉืึผึธึ‘ื ื›ึผึดื™ึฉ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึจื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึคื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึฒื“ึดืžึผึธึ™ื ื•ึผึ™ ื•ึทื™ึผึทืฉืึฐืงึตึฃื ื•ึผ ืžึตื™ึพืจึนึ”ืืฉื ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ื—ึธื˜ึธึ–ืื ื•ึผ ืœึทื™ื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

Why are we sitting by? Let us gather into the fortified cities And meet our doom there. For the ETERNAL our God has doomed usโ€” And has made us drink a bitter draft, Because we sinned against GOD.

The people themselves speak, and it is the sound of a population deciding there is nowhere to go: why are we sitting here - gather, let us come into the fortified cities v'nidmah sham. Radak preserves both roots of nidmah, silence and being cut off, and the pun carries the verse: they will go to the fortresses to fall silent there, and they will be destroyed there, and they know it. Ki Hashem Elokeinu hidimanu vayashkenu mei rosh ki chatanu la'Hashem - He has silenced us and given us poison water to drink, because we sinned; Metzudat David reads it as an admission that the punishment is deserved and not arbitrary, and Rashi cites the Targum's rendering of mei rosh as a cup of bitter curse, like the venom in a serpent's fangs. It is the only confession in the chapter, and it comes as resignation rather than teshuvah.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื. ื•ื ื“ื•ื ืฉื, ื ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื‘ืœื™ื: ืžื™ ืจืืฉ. ื›ืก ื“ืœื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืคืชื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืจืก ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื•:
and there let us sit in silence And let us be silent there. Let us sit there silent and mournful. poisoned water Jonathan renders: the cup of the curse, like the venom of serpents. The venom of the serpents is the poison that is in his teeth.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืดื• ยท Verse 15

Hebrew:

ืงึทื•ึผึตึฅื” ืœึฐืฉืึธืœึ–ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึตึฃื™ืŸ ื˜ึ‘ื•ึนื‘ ืœึฐืขึตึฅืช ืžึทืจึฐืคึผึตึ–ื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตึฅื” ื‘ึฐืขึธืชึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

We hoped for good fortune, but no happiness came; For a time of reliefโ€”instead there is terror!

The shape of that despair in a single line: hope for peace and there is no good, hope for a time of healing and behold, terror. Metzudat David reads both clauses as expectations that simply fail to arrive - no peace comes, and instead of a cure comes trembling. Radak takes marpeh as marpe, healing from the pain of their troubles, and cites the Targum's turn on the verse, which reads it as hoping for a time of forgiveness of sins and receiving instead the punishment for them.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืดื– ยท Verse 16

Hebrew:

ืžึดื“ึผึธึคืŸ ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืขึ™ ื ึทื—ึฐืจึทึฃืช ืกื•ึผืกึธึ”ื™ื• ืžึดืงึผื•ึนืœึ™ ืžึดืฆึฐื”ึฒืœึฃื•ึนืช ืึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจึธึ”ื™ื• ืจึธืขึฒืฉืึธึ–ื” ื›ึผื‡ืœึพื”ึธืึธึ‘ืจึถืฅ ื•ึทื™ึผึธื‘ึ—ื•ึนืื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึนึฝืื›ึฐืœื•ึผึ™ ืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ื•ึผืžึฐืœื•ึนืึธึ”ื”ึผ ืขึดึ–ื™ืจ ื•ึฐื™ึนึฅืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื‘ึธึฝื”ึผืƒย {ืค}

English:

The snorting of their horses was heard from Dan; At the loud neighing of their steeds The whole land quaked. They came and devoured the land and what was in it, The towns and those who dwelt in them.

Now the invasion becomes audible: from Dan the snorting of his horses is heard, and at the sound of the neighing of his stallions the whole land quakes. Metzudat David captures the geography of dread precisely - the enemy is still at Dan, the far northern edge of Eretz Yisrael, and already the noise has carried the length of the country. Rashi, following the Targum, hears in the choice of Dan a measure-for-measure, since it was in Dan that they worshipped the calf; Radak notes simply that Dan is named because it was the border, and explains abbirav as the horses themselves.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืžื“ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข. ืขืœ ื“ืคืœื—ื• ืœืขื’ืœื ื“ื‘ื“ืŸ: ื ื—ืจืช ืกื•ืกื™ื•. ืขื˜ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื•: ืžืฆื”ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื•. ืฆื”ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื•ืกื™ื• ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ืจื•ืช ื“ื”ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื• (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืณ:ื›ืดื‘) ืœ' ืกื•ืก ื“ื•ื”ืจ (ื ื—ื•ื ื’) ื•ื™"ืช ืžืงืœ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื•ื”ื™:
From Dan is heard Because they worshipped the calf that was in Dan. the snorting of their horses The sneezing of his nostrils. the neighing of their stallions The neighing of joy of his horses, and we find elsewhere that horses are called ืื‘ึผื™ืจื™ื (Jud. 5:22) by reason of the prancings, "the prancings of their mighty ones (ืื‘ึผื™ืจื™ื•)," an expression of (Nahum 3:2) "a prancing horse." And Jonathan renders: from the sound of the steps of their mighty ones.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื– ยท Verse 17

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึดื™ึฉ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดึจื™ ืžึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตึœื—ึท ื‘ึผึธื›ึถึ—ื ื ึฐื—ึธืฉืึดื™ืึ™ ืฆึดืคึฐืขึนื ึดึ”ื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ืึตื™ืŸึพืœึธื”ึถึ–ื ืœึธึ‘ื—ึทืฉื ื•ึฐื ึดืฉืึผึฐื›ึฅื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถึ–ื ื ึฐืึปืึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒย {ืก} ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

English:

Lo, I will send serpents against you, Adders that cannot be charmed, And they shall bite you โ€”declares GOD.

God's speech closes with serpents and adders asher ein lahem lachash, that cannot be charmed, and they will bite you. Rashi cites the tradition that after seventy years a snake becomes a tzif'oni, which stops its own ear so as not to hear the charmer, as Tehillim says of the deaf asp that shuts up its ear - hence a snake beyond all incantation. Metzudat David decodes the metaphor for the political situation the people are about to face: you will not be able to appease this enemy with soft words and pleading, and Radak, following the Targum, reads the serpents outright as the killing nations God is loosing upon them.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฆืคืขื•ื ื™ื. ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฆืคืข ื•ืื•ื˜ื ืื–ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืœืงื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืฉื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ืžื• ืคืชืŸ ื—ืจืฉ ื™ืื˜ื ืื–ื ื• (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื—) ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื—ืฉ:
serpents, adders After seventy years, the snake becomes a ืฆืคืข, which shuts its ear so that it will not hear the voice of the charmer who charms him, as it is stated (Psalms 58:5), "Like a deaf asp that shuts up its ear." That is the meaning of "that cannot be charmed."

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื— ยท Verse 18

Hebrew:

ืžึทื‘ึฐืœึดึฅื™ื’ึดื™ืชึดึ–ื™ ืขึฒืœึตึฃื™ ื™ึธื’ึ‘ื•ึนืŸ ืขึธืœึทึ–ื™ ืœึดื‘ึผึดึฅื™ ื“ึทื•ึผึธึฝื™ืƒ

English:

When in grief I would seek comfort, My heart is sick within me.

Here the oracle breaks and the prophet's own voice comes through: mavligiti alei yagon, alai libi davai. Rashi reads mavligiti as a noun of suppression - if I said I would restrain and hold in my grief, still my heart is sick within me - and specifies the cause: the sound of the prophecies of coming retribution that are revealed to me. Metzudat David reads it the same way, that he tried to steel himself against the sorrow and could not. Radak preserves his brother Rabbi Moshe's reading, that the prophet addresses grief itself, and explains the word alai, upon me, as the prophet's own private sorrow added to the sorrow of Israel - the pain of rebuking them and not being heard.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืžื‘ืœื™ื’ื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื™ ื•ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉืื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื "ืฅ ื‘ืœืขื– ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืืžืจืชื™ ืื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื•ืืชืืคืง ืขืœื™ ื™ื’ื•ื ื™: ืขืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื™. ืžืงื•ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
Were I to suppress my grief Heb. ืžื‘ืœื™ื’ื™ืชื™, my suppression, and it is a noun, (mes estenimenc in O.F.). That is to say, if I said, I will suppress and keep in my grief. my heart is sick within me From the voice of the prophecies that are revealed to me of the coming retributions.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื˜ ยท Verse 19

Hebrew:

ื”ึดื ึผึตื”ึพืงึžื•ึนืœ ืฉืึทึฝื•ึฐืขึทึฃืช ื‘ึผึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดึ—ื™ ืžึตืึถึ™ืจึถืฅึ™ ืžึทืจึฐื—ึทืงึผึดึ”ื™ื ื”ึทึฝื™ื”ึนื•ึธื”ึ™ ืึตึฃื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึดื™ึผึ”ื•ึนืŸ ืึดืึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึผึธึ–ื”ึผ ืึตึฃื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธึ‘ื”ึผ ืžึทื“ึผึ—ื•ึผืขึท ื”ึดื›ึฐืขึดืกึ›ื•ึผื ึดื™ ื‘ึผึดืคึฐืกึดืœึตื™ื”ึถึ–ื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตึฅื™ ื ึตื›ึธึฝืจืƒ

English:

โ€œIs not GOD in Zion? Is not her Sovereign in her midst? Why then did they anger Me with their images, With alien futilities?โ€ Hark! The outcry of my poor people From the land far and wide:

The voices in this verse shift mid-sentence and it is not fully clear who speaks: the cry of the daughter of My people rises from a distant land asking ha'Hashem ein b'Tzion im malkah ein bah - is the Lord not in Tzion, is her King not within her? - and a second voice answers, why then did they anger Me with their idols, with alien vanities. Radak reads the first half as the exiles' protest that the Divine Presence and the king are in Tzion, so how can an enemy prevail there, and the second half as God's reply that they cannot invoke His presence while provoking Him with foreign gods. Rashi hears in it a note of possibility rather than only rebuke - if they return to Him, He will let Himself be found by them - and Metzudat David reads it as Yirmiyahu explaining why his heart is sick: he already hears the cry of the exile as though it had happened, when the remedy was in their hands all along.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื ื” ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืขืช ื‘ืช ืขืžื™. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืฉืกื•ืคืŸ ืœืฆืขื•ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืœื ื”' ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื• ื™ืžืฆื ืœื”ื:
Hark the voice...the cry of the daughter of My people I hear that eventually they will cry from a distant land, but why is all this necessary? Is not the Lord in Zion? If they return to Him, He will allow Himself to be found by them.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืณ ยท Verse 20

Hebrew:

ืขึธื‘ึทึฅืจ ืงึธืฆึดึ–ื™ืจ ื›ึผึธึฃืœึธื” ืงึธึ‘ื™ึดืฅ ื•ึทืึฒื ึทึ–ื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ืœึฅื•ึนื ื ื•ึนืฉืึธึฝืขึฐื ื•ึผืƒ

English:

โ€œHarvest is past, Summer is gone, But we have not been saved.โ€

Among the most quoted verses in all of Nach, and the most exact: the harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we are not saved. Rashi grounds it in politics - they had been counting on Egyptian help, telling themselves the Egyptians would come once the harvest freed them, and the harvest of Iyar passed and the summer of Tammuz passed and nobody came. Radak reads it as pure metaphor, since harvest and summer are the seasons in which a person is relieved and made glad, so the sense is that every season in which we thought we would be rescued has gone by. Metzudat David hears in it the ache of hope deferred, a long expectation stretched past bearing - which is why the line outlives its historical setting.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืขื‘ืจ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื›ืœื” ืงื™ืฅ. ืฆืคื™ื ื• ืœืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื” ืืžืจื ื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•:
The harvest is past, the summer is ended We looked forward to the aid of Egypt, but it did not come. We said, "Let the harvest pass, and they will be free, and they will come." Now behold, the time of harvest has passed in Iyar, and the summer season in Tammuz, and they have not come.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื ยท Verse 21

Hebrew:

ืขึทืœึพืฉืึถึฅื‘ึถืจ ื‘ึผึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดึ–ื™ ื”ื‡ืฉืึฐื‘ึผึธึ‘ืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืงึธื“ึทึ•ืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึทืžึผึธึ–ื” ื”ึถื—ึฑื–ึดืงึธึฝืชึฐื ึดื™ืƒ

English:

Because my people is shattered I am shattered; I am dejected, seized by desolation.

The prophet's grief becomes physical: because of the breaking of the daughter of my people I am broken, I am darkened, desolation has seized me. Rashi glosses kadarti as an expression of blackness and gloom and shamah as astonishment, a stupefaction that has taken hold of him. Metzudat David notes that the disaster is still in the future and he is already shattered by it. Radak reads the verse as Yirmiyahu speaking of himself, but records that Yonatan understood it as the speech of Yerushalayim herself - which is precisely the ambiguity that runs through the closing verses, where it is never quite settled whose voice is weeping.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืงื“ืจืชื™. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืœ: ืฉืžื”. ืชืžื”ื•ืŸ: ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงืชื ื™. ืื—ื–ืชื ื™:
I mourn lit. I am darkened, an expression of blackness and darkness. dismay Heb. ืฉืžื”, wonder. has taken hold of me Has held me.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื‘ ยท Verse 22

Hebrew:

ื”ึทืฆึผึณืจึดื™ึ™ ืึตึฃื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดืœึฐืขึธึ”ื“ ืึดืึพืจึนืคึตึ–ื ืึตึฃื™ืŸ ืฉืึธึ‘ื ื›ึผึดึ—ื™ ืžึทื“ึผึ™ื•ึผืขึทึ™ ืœึนึฃื ืขึธึฝืœึฐืชึธึ”ื” ืึฒืจึปื›ึทึ–ืช ื‘ึผึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดึฝื™ืƒย {ืก} ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

English:

Is there no balm in Gilead? Can no physician be found? Why has healing not yet Come to my poor people?

The most famous line in the chapter and among the best known in all of Nevi'im: is there no balm in Gilad, is there no physician there, why then has the healing of the daughter of my people not come up? Rashi and Radak both note that Gilad was the source of the tzori, citing Yirmiyahu's own later line ali Gilad uk'chi tzori, and both refuse to leave the image as a lament about medicine - Rashi asks whether there were no righteous men among them from whom to learn and mend their ways, and Radak whether there is no chasid among them for whose sake God would grant atonement. Metzudat David makes the same move in the language of Torah: have they no Torah and mitzvot, no sages to teach them the way, and why then were they not turned back so the decree could be annulled? The question is unanswerable precisely because the answer is yes - the balm was there and the wound stayed open anyway.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ืฆืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืขื“. ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื ืžืฉื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ืงื—ื™ ืฆืจื™ (ืœืงืžืŸ ืžื”) ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื: ืืจื•ื›ืช. ืจืคื•ืืช ืื™ื ืคืœืฉื˜ืจ"ื ื‘ืœืขื–:
Is there no balm in Gilead For balm comes from there, as it is said (infra 46:11) "Go up to Gilead and take balm." That is to say, Did they not have any righteous men from whom to learn so that they should improve their ways? the health of lit. the cure of, (emplatre in O.F.), plaster, dressing.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื’ ยท Verse 23

Hebrew:

ืžึดึฝื™ึพื™ึดืชึผึตึคืŸ ืจึนืืฉืึดื™ึ™ ืžึทึ”ื™ึดื ื•ึฐืขึตื™ื ึดึ–ื™ ืžึฐืงึฃื•ึนืจ ื“ึผึดืžึฐืขึธึ‘ื” ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื›ึผึถื”ึ™ ื™ื•ึนืžึธึฃื ื•ึธืœึทึ”ื™ึฐืœึธื” ืึตึ–ืช ื—ึทึฝืœึฐืœึตึฅื™ ื‘ึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดึฝื™ืƒย {ืก} ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

English:

Oh, that my head were water, My eyes a fount of tears! Then would I weep day and night For the slain of my poor people.

The chapter ends with the prophet wishing his head were water and his eye a fountain of tears, so that he might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of his people. Metzudat David reads it as a wish that his head were filled with the water of weeping and his eye an unstopped spring; Radak stresses the ceaselessness, a source of tears that never runs dry. This is not a coda but the chapter's real conclusion - Yirmiyahu opened with bones that nobody would bury, and closes by volunteering to be the mourner nobody else will be.

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