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Jeremiah 6

ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื•ืณ

Section: ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ยท ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื | Book: Jeremiah | Chapter: 6 of 52 | Day: 219 of 742

Date: September 18, 2026


ืงืœืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืดืš

Chapter 6 is the chapter in which the siege stops being a prediction and becomes a sound. It opens not with an oracle but with an alarm: haโ€™izu benei Binyamin mikerev Yerushalayim, flee for safety, children of Binyamin, out of the midst of Yerushalayim, sound the shofar in Tekoa and raise a signal-fire over Beit HaKerem, ki raโ€™ah nishkefah mitzafon vโ€™shever gadol. Radak notices what the address costs the prophet. Yerushalayim belonged to Yehudah and Binyamin both, yet it is Binyamin who is called - and Yirmiyahu was a kohen of Anatot in the territory of Binyamin, so these are his own kin, and a man cries out first over his own. Radak adds a further, bleaker note: the command to flee is derech guzma, a kind of hyperbole, because in truth there is nowhere to run; the sense is only, if you have anywhere at all to go, go. The verse plays on names as it plays on hope - uโ€™vitkoa tikโ€™u shofar, blow the shofar in Tekoa - which both Rashiโ€™s tradition and Radak label lashon nofel al lashon, sound answering sound, the way Yeshayahu says vโ€™Ekron teโ€™aker. Metzudat David fills in the mechanics of ancient alarm: a watchtower stood in one vineyard to guard all the vineyards around it, and the beacon lit on it, masโ€™et, was visible for miles. The chapter will end thirty verses later with a different kind of watchman and a shofar that nobody heeds, and the distance between the two is the whole argument.

What follows the alarm is one of the most disturbing metaphorical sequences in Yirmiyahu, because it is built out of gentleness. Zion is hanavah vโ€™hamโ€™unagah, the comely and delicate woman at rest in her dwelling - Radak reads navah as a woman settled in her naveh, tranquil, and cites Rabbi Yehudah Chayyuj who takes it from naโ€™avu lechayayich, sheer beauty, which is how Yonatan renders it, mefunaka. Into that pastoral scene the prophet introduces shepherds: eleha yavoโ€™u roโ€™im vโ€™edreihem, takโ€™u aleha ohalim saviv, raโ€™u ish et yado. Radak decodes the parable exactly - the kings coming to destroy her are the shepherds, their armies the flocks, and Metzudat David reads the shepherds as low and contemptible men, the Kasdim, who do not know how to honor what is honorable. But the horror is in the verb. Shepherds pitch tents and graze; there is nothing violent in the picture at all, and that is precisely the violence. Each grazes et yado, his own patch, meaning, as Radak puts it, one king or officer besieges this city and another that one until the land is finished. Then the siege talk itself is quoted, and it is chillingly ordinary military chatter: kadshu aleha milchamah, kumu vโ€™naโ€™aleh batzohorayim, and when the day slips away, oy lanu ki fanah hayom ki yinatu tzilelei arev, and then kumu vโ€™naโ€™aleh balailah vโ€™nashchitah armenoteha. Metzudat David hears in the sigh of the besiegers pure appetite - they cannot bear to wait for morning. Radak hears something else. He takes oy lanu as the prophetโ€™s own interjection breaking into the enemyโ€™s speech: they name noon and night because those are the hours of harm, and what for them is bright daylight is for us the fading of the light, ki lanu chashach hayom. Rashiโ€™s tradition, remembering what actually happened, notes flatly that when the day turned toward evening they set the Beit HaMikdash alight.

At the center of the first half stands the diagnosis that justifies the siege. Kirtu etzah vโ€™shifchu al Yerushalayim solelah - Rashi insists that etzah here has no mappik and is not the word for counsel at all but a collective for trees, the way dagah is a collective for fish, since one does not speak of cutting down advice; Radak and Metzudat David describe the siege-work in detail, timber and earth thrown into the trenches around the city until the mound rises high enough to climb. And the reason is given in five words: hi haโ€™ir hofkad kulah oshek bโ€™kirbah. Radak reads kulah oshek with force - not merely that oppression is found somewhere in her, but that a man will find extortion inside the city, in the streets and houses, so that one hardly needs to mention the highways outside. Verse 7 gives the image that governs the whole indictment: kโ€™hakir bayir meimeha ken hekerah raโ€™atah, as a well keeps its waters flowing, so she keeps her evil flowing. Rashiโ€™s gloss is that their evil is a spring, constantly increasing and renewing itself; Radak stresses the word tamid and turns it back on the deniers of chapter 5 - al panai tamid, meaning I see and I watch always, not as they say, God does not see us. Out of that comes the extraordinary appeal of verse 8, hivasri Yerushalayim pen teka nafshi mimech, be warned, Yerushalayim, lest My soul be wrenched away from you and I make you a desolation, a land uninhabited. Rashi observes that the root yeka is one of those verbs that can mean both joining and severing, and Radak explains teka nafshi as the tearing of a thing out of its place, comparing vateka kaf yerech Yaโ€™akov. The chapter has been describing the destruction as already in motion, and here, in the middle of it, the door is held open one more time. That is the shape of Yirmiyahuโ€™s entire ministry.

Verses 13 through 16 are the theological heart of the chapter and among the most quoted lines in all of Neviโ€™im. The corruption is first shown to be universal in both directions, social and religious: ki miketanam vโ€™ad gedolam kulo botzea batza, umiโ€™navi vโ€™ad kohen kulo oseh shaker - from small to great every one of them is greedy for gain, and from prophet to priest every one of them deals falsely. Radakโ€™s comment is a piece of exact justice: just as they all sinned, so they will all be struck. Then verse 14, vayerapโ€™u et shever bat ami al nekalah lemor shalom shalom vโ€™ein shalom. The word shever is the word for a fracture, and rapa is the verb for setting a broken bone; the accusation is medical malpractice on a national scale. Rashi puts it with devastating simplicity: it is easy for the false prophets to get the words out of their mouths and say you shall have peace, and with that speech they heal the coming catastrophe. Metzudat David sharpens the mechanism - what they actually heal is not the wound but the worry; they remove from the peopleโ€™s hearts the dread of the evil that is coming, which is not treatment but anesthesia. Radak notes that the healers here are the false prophets and the kohanim together, and that al nekalah means with a cheap word, a saying with nothing in it, while the enemy comes day after day. Peace twice repeated, and no peace: the doubling is the lieโ€™s own signature, since the more confidently a reassurance is asserted the less it needs to be true. Verse 15 completes the picture with the loss of the last faculty that might still have saved them - hovishu ki toโ€™evah asu gam bosh lo yevoshu gam hachlim lo yadaโ€™u. Radak reads the opening as a question of astonishment - when they committed an abomination, were they ashamed? - and then explains gam hachlim lo yadaโ€™u as an inability even to register humiliation when someone humiliates them for the evil they do. A society can survive doing wrong. It cannot survive losing the capacity to blush.

Then comes verse 16, which more than any other verse in Sefer Yirmiyahu has been carried out of its context and into the vocabulary of Jewish self-understanding: imdu al derachim urโ€™u vโ€™shaโ€™alu lintivot olam ei zeh derech hatov ulchu vah umtzeโ€™u margoa lโ€™nafshechem, vayomru lo nelech. Stand at the roads and look, ask for the ancient paths - which is the good way - and walk in it, and you will find rest for your souls. Radakโ€™s reading is the fullest and it is worth following closely. Stand on the roads, he says, means stand in your own understanding at the fork between the good way and the bad way, and look with your intelligence, exactly as Eliyahu said on Carmel, how long will you leap between two opinions. The prophets of truth are telling you to turn back; the prophets of falsehood are telling you the road you are on is fine and that shalom yihyeh lachem. So test it two ways. First by sechel, reason - work out for yourselves which road is good. Second by kabbalah, by inherited testimony - and that is what shaโ€™alu lintivot olam means, ask about the generations that came before, as Moshe said, sheโ€™al avicha vโ€™yagedcha, and you will find that whoever held to the way of truth came to good and whoever held to the way the false prophets are urging on you came to harm. Reason and tradition, and both point the same way. And the promise attached is not victory or prosperity but margoa lโ€™nafshechem - Rashi glosses margoa simply as menuchah, rest - which is to say that the good road is offered as the road on which a soul can finally stop being afraid. The answer is three syllables: lo nelech. We will not go. Radak supplies the tone: we will not even investigate, because what we are already holding is good in our eyes. Verse 17 repeats the structure with the watchmen - vahakimoti aleichem tzofim hakshivu lโ€™kol shofar, and Rashi explains the military image, that in a time of danger men are posted on the towers and one who sees a troop approaching blows a shofar so the people can arm themselves, and so I posted prophets - and the answer comes back in the same shape: lo nakshiv. Two refusals, one of the road and one of the alarm, and between them the chapterโ€™s verdict.

The remainder of the chapter draws out the consequences of those two refusals with a terrible logic. If the word will not be heard, then the sacrifices are worthless: lamah zeh li levonah miSheva vโ€™kaneh hatov meโ€™eretz merchak. Radakโ€™s explanation of why frankincense and sweet cane are named is precise - these had to be imported because they were not found in Eretz Yisrael, and ketoret was brought to make the offering acceptable; so if the offering itself is not wanted, why go to the trouble and expense of importing what was supposed to make it fit? The cult is not attacked; it is simply declared beside the point, exactly as it was in Shmuelโ€™s hineh shemoa mizevach tov. Then the enemy is described a second time and in full - am ba meโ€™eretz tzafon, akzari hu vโ€™lo yerachemu, kolam kayam yehemeh - and the sea to which their noise is compared is the same sea that in chapter 5 kept the boundary God set for it; here that roar has been unleashed. Verse 24 shifts to the first person plural, shamanu et shomโ€™o rafu yadeinu, and Radak notes that the prophet includes himself among those who tremble at his own words. The mourning instructions of verse 26 are the chapterโ€™s most human moment: bat ami chigri sak vโ€™hitpalshi baโ€™efer, evel yachid asi lach mispad tamrurim. Rashi defines evel yachid exactly - the mourning of a man who has one son and no other and he dies - and Radak adds that the mourning is to begin now, before the blow, ki fitom yavo, because you will not know the hour. Rashiโ€™s last word on the verse is the most startling: aleinu, upon us, kivyachol, so to speak, upon Me and upon you. The destroyer comes upon God as well.

The chapter closes with an image drawn from metallurgy, and it is Yirmiyahuโ€™s own job description. Bachon netaticha bโ€™ami mivtzar - Rashi and Radak both take bachon as a word for strength, a tower, reading it with the charge of chapter 1, hineh netaticha hayom lโ€™ir mivtzar, so that God is telling the prophet not to fear them; and then the second half, vโ€™yadata uvachanta et darkam, puns on the same root and turns him into an assayer, one who tests. What he tests is described in verse 28: kulam sarei sorerim, holchei rachil, nechoshet uโ€™varzel. Rashi records two readings - that they carry slander between copper and iron, sowing hatred between powerful men, and his own preferred reading, that they are talebearers as hard as bronze and iron in maintaining their lies - while Radak takes the metals as the officers and their servants working as one alloy, since bronze and iron were smelted together precisely because iron alone will not hold an edge. Verse 29 turns that metal into the refinerโ€™s crucible and makes the failure explicit: nachar mapuach meโ€™esh tam oferet, lashav tzaraf tzarof, vโ€™raโ€™im lo nitaku. Rashi and Metzudat David describe the process - lead is placed in the crucible with the silver to draw off the dross, the bellows is blown, and here the bellows is scorched and the lead entirely consumed, and still the dross has not separated. Radak makes the allegory unbearable by naming the parts: the bellows is the prophet, and more precisely his mouth and his throat, and the blowing is his speech, so that what has been burned out and worn through by all this refining is Yirmiyahu himself, calling early and calling late until his throat is raw, and the raโ€™im are still not melted down. And so the last verse: kesef nimโ€™as karโ€™u lahem ki maโ€™as Hashem bahem. Rashiโ€™s gloss is four words long and it is the saddest sentence in the chapter - silver that cannot be refined by any labor. Metzudat David and Radak both stress the causal chain: they are called rejected silver because the dross cannot be separated out, and God rejected them because they would not be parted from their evil. Yet the metaphor itself leaves a door open that the sentence does not, for silver called nimโ€™as is still silver, and a later prophet will speak of a refining that does succeed, uvachantim kivchon et hazahav. Chapter 6 ends at the moment before that, with the bellows burned through and the fire out and the word margoa still standing, unclaimed, in the middle of the chapter.


ืคืจืง ื•ืณ ยท Chapter 6

ืคืกื•ืง ืืณ ยท Verse 1

Hebrew:

ื”ึธืขึดึฃื–ื•ึผโ€‰ื€ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดึ—ืŸ ืžึดืงึผึถึ™ืจึถื‘ึ™ ื™ึฐืจึฃื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึ”อึดื ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐืงึ™ื•ึนืขึทึ™ ืชึผึดืงึฐืขึฃื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธึ”ืจ ื•ึฐืขึทืœึพื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ื”ึทื›ึผึถึ–ืจึถื ืฉื‚ึฐืึฃื•ึผ ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐืึตึ‘ืช ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ืจึธืขึธึ›ื” ื ึดืฉืึฐืงึฐืคึธึฅื” ืžึดืฆึผึธืคึ–ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืึถึฅื‘ึถืจ ื’ึผึธื“ึฝื•ึนืœืƒ

English:

Flee for refuge, O people of Benjamin, Out of the midst of Jerusalem! Blow the horn in Tekoa, Set up a signal at Beth-haccerem! For evil is appearing from the north, And great disaster.

The chapter opens as an air-raid siren: flee out of Yerushalayim, children of Binyamin, blow the shofar in Tekoa and raise a beacon over Beit HaKerem, for evil looms from the north. Radak notes that Yirmiyahu addresses Binyamin rather than Yehudah because he himself was from Anatot in Binyamin's territory, and a man cries out first over his own kin; he also calls the order to flee a hyperbole, since in truth there is nowhere to run. Metzudat David explains the beacon - a tower stood in one vineyard to watch all the vineyards around it - and both he and Radak point out the wordplay of blowing a shofar specifically in Tekoa, lashon nofel al lashon.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ืขื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ. ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื. ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื: ืฉืื• ืžืฉืืช. ื ืก ืœื”ืงื‘ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื›ื:
Gather the sons of Benjamin to go to their cities to guard their fortifications. Beth-hakerem That is a place name. raise a standard a standard to gather and fight for your lives.

ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืณ ยท Verse 2

Hebrew:

ื”ึทื ึผึธื•ึธื”ึ™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึฐืขึปื ึผึธื’ึธึ”ื” ื“ึผึธืžึดึ–ื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืชึพืฆึดื™ึผึฝื•ึนืŸืƒ

English:

Fair Zion, the lovely and delicate, I will destroy.

Zion is figured as a woman at ease and pampered in her own dwelling, and against that image the verb damiti falls. Radak reads damiti as 'I have likened' - I compared bat Tziyon to a lovely and delicate woman - and cites Rabbi Yehudah Chayyuj that navah derives from beauty, na'avu lechayayich, which is how the Targum takes it as mefunaka; Rashi, following Yonatan, hears instead the sense of destruction, as in nidmetah Ashkelon. Radak's father read it that way too, and the ambiguity is the point: the same word can mean 'I imagined her beautiful' and 'I cut her off.'
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื ื’ื” ื“ืžื™ืชื™. ื”ื—ืจื‘ืชื™ ืชื™ืจื’ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœ' ื•ื ื“ืžื• ื ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื (ืœืงืžืŸ ื›ื”) ื ื“ืžืชื” ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ (ืœืงืžืŸ ืžื–):
The comely and the delicate one have I destroyed Heb. ื“ืžื™ืชื™. Jonathan renders it as an expression related to (25:37) "And the dwellings of peace shall be destroyed (ื•ื ื“ืžื•ึผ)." Also (47:5), "Ashkelon has been destroyed (ื ื“ืžืชื”)."

ืคืกื•ืง ื’ืณ ยท Verse 3

Hebrew:

ืึตืœึถึ›ื™ื”ึธ ื™ึธื‘ึนึฅืื•ึผ ืจึนืขึดึ–ื™ื ื•ึฐืขึถื“ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถึ‘ื ืชึผึธืงึฐืขึจื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถึคื™ื”ึธ ืึนึฝื”ึธืœึดื™ืึ™ ืกึธื‘ึดึ”ื™ื‘ ืจึธืขึ–ื•ึผ ืึดึฅื™ืฉื ืึถืชึพื™ึธื“ึฝื•ึนืƒ

English:

Against her come shepherds with their flocks, They pitch tents all around her; Each grazes the sheep under his care.

Shepherds arrive with their flocks, pitch their tents in a ring around her, and each grazes his own patch. Rashi and Radak both decode the pastoral image - the shepherds are kings, the flocks their armies - and Radak explains ra'u ish et yado as one commander besieging this place and another that, until the land is consumed. Metzudat David reads the shepherds as base and contemptible men, the Kasdim, who do not know how to honor what is honorable, and notes that tents are staked into the ground with pegs, which is what a siege camp looks like: an army that has come to stay.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืขื“ืจื™ื”ื. ืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื: ืจืขื•. ืื›ืœื•: ืืช ื™ื“ื•. ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•:
Shepherds and their flocks Figurative of kings and their armies. they feed bare Heb. ืจืขื•, they eat. his place Heb. ื™ื“ื• [lit. his hand.] His place around him.

ืคืกื•ืง ื“ืณ ยท Verse 4

Hebrew:

ืงึทื“ึผึฐืฉืึคื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถึ™ื™ื”ึธึ™ ืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธึ”ื” ืงึ–ื•ึผืžื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืœึถึฃื” ื‘ึทึฝืฆึผื‡ื”ึณืจึธึ‘ื™ึดื ืึฅื•ึนื™ ืœึธึ™ื ื•ึผึ™ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืคึธื ึธึฃื” ื”ึทื™ึผึ”ื•ึนื ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ื™ึดื ึผึธื˜ึ–ื•ึผ ืฆึดืœึฐืœึตื™ึพืขึธึฝืจึถื‘ืƒ

English:

Prepare for battle against her: โ€œUp! we will attack at noon.โ€ โ€œAlas for us! for day is declining, The shadows of evening grow long.โ€

The prophet lets the enemy speak in its own voice: consecrate war against her, rise and let us attack at noon - and then, as the light fails, alas, the day is turning and the shadows of evening are lengthening. Metzudat David reads the sigh as impatience, the frustration of besiegers who could not take the city in a single day. Radak takes oy lanu as Yirmiyahu's own voice cutting into their speech - noon and night are named because those are the hours of harm, and what is daylight for them is darkness for us. Rashi's tradition adds the grim historical footnote that it was as the day turned toward evening that they set the Mikdash alight.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืงื“ืฉื•. ื–ืžื ื•: ืื•ื™ ืœื ื•. ืœืขืช ืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื: ื›ื™ ืคื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ื” ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”"ืž:
Prepare Heb. ืงื“ืฉื•. woe is to us at the time the day declines. for the day has declined When it declined to eventide, they ignited the Temple.

ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืณ ยท Verse 5

Hebrew:

ืงึšื•ึผืžื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืœึถึฃื” ื‘ึทืœึผึธึ”ื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื ึทืฉืึฐื—ึดึ–ื™ืชึธื” ืึทืจึฐืžึฐื ื•ึนืชึถึฝื™ื”ึธืƒย {ืค}

English:

โ€œUp! let us attack by night, And wreck her fortresses.โ€

The enemy will not even wait for morning: rise, let us go up by night and destroy her citadels. Metzudat David hears sheer appetite in it - so eager to lay her waste that they refuse to wait until day breaks. Radak notes that the armenot singled out for destruction are precisely the strongholds in which the city thought it would be safe, so the boast is aimed at the last thing Yerushalayim was relying on.

ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืณ ยท Verse 6

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ื›ึนึคื” ืึธืžึทืจึ™ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฃื” ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึ”ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึดืจึฐืชึฃื•ึผ ืขึตืฆึธึ”ื”ึฟ ื•ึฐืฉืึดืคึฐื›ึฅื•ึผ ืขึทืœึพื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึ–อึดื ืกึนึฝืœึฐืœึธึ‘ื” ื”ึดึšื™ื ื”ึธืขึดึฃื™ืจ ื”ื‡ืคึฐืงึทึ”ื“ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธึ–ื”ึผ ืขึนึฅืฉืึถืง ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธึฝื”ึผืƒ

English:

For thus said GOD of Hosts: Hew down her trees, And raise a siege mound against Jerusalem. She is the city destined for punishment; Only fraud is found in her midst.

God Himself gives the siege order: cut down timber and throw up a mound against Yerushalayim. Rashi insists that etzah here has no mappik and is a collective noun for trees, since one does not speak of 'cutting down' counsel, just as dagah is a collective for fish. Metzudat David and Radak describe the engineering - trees and earth heaped into the trenches around the city until the mound is high enough to climb - and Radak reads the verdict kulah oshek b'kirbah at full strength: extortion is found inside the city itself, in her streets and houses, so there is no need even to mention the highways outside.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื›ืจืชื• ืขืฆื”. ืœื ืžืคื™ืง ื”"ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืœ' ืขืฅ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื” ื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœ' ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื” ืœ' ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”: ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคืงื“. ืฉื‘ืื” ืคืงื•ื“ืชื”:
Cut the trees Heb. ืขืฆื”. This is not a 'mappiq heh,' yet it is an expression of a tree (ืขืฅ), for the expression of cutting is not appropriate for advice, (ืขืฆื”), and ืขืฆื” mentioned here is an expression of many trees, as ื“ื’ื” is an expression of many fish. the city whose sins have been visited upon her Heb. ื”ืคืงื“, whose visitation has come.

ืคืกื•ืง ื–ืณ ยท Verse 7

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึฐื”ึธืงึดึฅื™ืจ (ื‘ื•ืจ) [ื‘ึผึทึ™ื™ึดืจึ™] ืžึตื™ืžึถึ”ื™ื”ึธ ื›ึผึตึ–ืŸ ื”ึตืงึตึฃืจึธื” ืจึธืขึธืชึธึ‘ื”ึผ ื—ึธืžึธึฃืก ื•ึธึ ืฉืึนึ ื“ ื™ึดืฉืึผึธึจืžึทืข ื‘ึผึธึงื”ึผ ืขึทืœึพืคึผึธื ึทึ›ื™ ืชึผึธืžึดึ–ื™ื“ ื—ึณืœึดึฅื™ ื•ึผืžึทื›ึผึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

As a well flows with water, So she flows with wickedness. Lawlessness and rapine are heard in her; Before Me constantly are sickness and wounds.

The controlling image of the indictment: as a well keeps its waters flowing, so she keeps her evil flowing. Rashi glosses hekerah as the language of a spring - their evil wells up constantly, always increasing and renewing itself, which is why no single punishment has ever exhausted it. Radak fastens on the word tamid and turns it against the deniers of the previous chapter: al panai tamid means I see and I watch always, precisely contrary to their claim that God does not see them. He offers two readings of choli u'makah - either the sickness and blows that the powerful inflict on the poor, or the sickness and blows that God will bring in return.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื›ื”ืงื™ืจ. ืœ' ืžืงื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ืจ. ื‘ืืจ: ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืจื” ืจืขืชื”. ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืจืขืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™' ื•ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื—ืœื™ ื•ืžื›ื”. ืข"ื› ืื™ืชื™ืชื™ ืขืœื” ืžืจืข ื•ืžื—ื:
As...lets...flow Heb. ื›ื”ืงื™ืจ, an expression of a spring. a well Heb. ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืจ, equivalent to ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจ. so has she let her evil flow So does their evil flow, constantly increasing and renewing. sickness and wounds Therefore, I brought upon her sickness and wounds.

ืคืกื•ืง ื—ืณ ยท Verse 8

Hebrew:

ื”ึดื•ึผึธึฝืกึฐืจึดื™ึ™ ื™ึฐืจึฃื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึ”อึดื ืคึผึถืŸึพืชึผึตืงึทึฅืข ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ ืžึดืžึผึตึ‘ืšึฐ ืคึผึถืŸึพืึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืžึตึฃืšึฐ ืฉืึฐืžึธืžึธึ”ื” ืึถึ–ืจึถืฅ ืœึฅื•ึนื ื ื•ึนืฉืึธึฝื‘ึธื”ืƒย {ืค}

English:

Accept rebuke, O Jerusalem, Lest I come to loathe you, Lest I make you a desolation, An uninhabited land.

In the middle of a siege already described as underway, the door is held open once more: be warned, Yerushalayim, lest My soul be wrenched from you and I make you a desolation, a land never inhabited. Rashi observes that the root yeka is one of those verbs used for both joining and severing, so the same word that means to fasten also means to tear away. Radak explains teka nafshi as the dislodging of a thing from its place, comparing vateka kaf yerech Ya'akov, and reads the threat as the withdrawal of divine willingness itself - not punishment so much as estrangement.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื•ืกืจื™. ืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ืกืจ: ืคืŸ ืชืงืข. ืคืŸ ืชื ืชืง ื”ื•ืงืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืงืข ืื•ืชื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืดื”:ื“ืณ), ื•ื™ืฉ ืœ' ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ:
Be corrected Heb. ื”ื•ืกืจื™. Accept correction. lest...be alienated Heb. ืชืงืข, lest it be pulled away. ื™ืงืข is an expression of joining. Comp. "and hang them up (ื•ื”ื•ืงืข)" (Num. 25:4), and it is sometimes an expression of detaching. There are many words that are used in such a manner.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืณ ยท Verse 9

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึนึคื” ืึธืžึทืจึ™ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฃื” ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึ”ื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืœึตึ›ืœ ื™ึฐืขื•ึนืœึฐืœึฅื•ึผ ื›ึทื’ึผึถึ–ืคึถืŸ ืฉืึฐืึตืจึดึฃื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ‘ืœ ื”ึธืฉืึตื‘ึ™ ื™ึธึฝื“ึฐืšึธึ” ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนืฆึตึ–ืจ ืขึทืœึพืกึทืœึฐืกึดืœึผึฝื•ึนืชืƒ

English:

Thus said GOD of Hosts: Let them glean over and over, as a vine, The remnant of Israel. Pass your hand again, Like a vintager, Over its branches.

The gleaning image is the cruelest in the chapter: pass your hand over the remnant of Israel as a vintager passes back over the vine. Rashi explains that after a vineyard is harvested the gleanings are left for the poor, and here it is the enemy who returns for them - and he maps it onto history, the exile of Yehoyakim, then Yechonyah three months later, then Tzidkiyahu eleven years after that. Metzudat David reads the returning hand as the enemy coming back to take those who had hidden themselves, feeling for the grapes concealed from the eye. What is being gleaned is not the harvest but the survivors.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืขื•ืœืœ. ื’ืจืคืื™"ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืฆืจื• ื”ื›ืจื ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืขื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื–ื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•: ื”ืฉื‘ ื™ื“ืš. ืืชื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื ื”ืฉื‘ ื™ื“ืš ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืกืœืกืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกืœืกืœ ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื”ื’ืœื” ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœื”ื• ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืขืฉืชื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื” ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื•: ืกืœืกืœื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ืจืงืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื– ื›ืžื• ืกืœืกืœื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืžืš (ืžืฉืœื™ ื“ืณ:ื—ืณ) ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ื“ื•ื ืฉ ื•ืžื ื—ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืœ' ืกืœ ืคื ื™ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื–:
thoroughly glean (grappiller in French). After the vineyard has been gathered, and gleanings are left, and the poor come and glean them, so will they spoil and return and spoil. return your hand You, the enemy, return your hand to spoil a second time, like a vintager who returns his hand for the search, who looks and searches for the gleanings. And so it was when he exiled Jehoiakim and slew him, and crowned Jeconiah, he returned three months later and exiled him. He returned eleven years later and exiled Zedekiah. the branches Heb. ืกืœืกืœื•ืช (reverchedures in O.F). Comp. (Prov. 4: 8) "Search for it (ืกืœืกืœื”) and it will exalt you." So did Dunash (Teshuvoth Dunash p. 21) explain it. Menahem (Machbereth p. 126), however, explains it as an expression of a basket (ืกืœ) (paniers in O. F. baskets).

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืณ ยท Verse 10

Hebrew:

ืขึทืœึพืžึดึจื™ ืึฒื“ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธึคื” ื•ึฐืึธืขึดึ™ื™ื“ึธื”ึ™ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธึ”ืขื•ึผ ื”ึดื ึผึตื”ึ™ ืขึฒืจึตืœึธึฃื” ืื‡ื–ึฐื ึธึ”ื ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื™ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึ–ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึทืงึฐืฉืึดึ‘ื™ื‘ ื”ึดื ึผึตึฃื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ—ื” ื”ึธื™ึธึฅื” ืœึธื”ึถึ›ื ืœึฐื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธึ–ื” ืœึนึฅื ื™ึทื—ึฐืคึผึฐืฆื•ึผึพื‘ึฝื•ึนืƒ

English:

To whom shall I speak, Give warning that they may hear? Their ears are blocked And they cannot listen. See, the word of GOD has become for them An object of scorn; they will have none of it.

The prophet breaks in with a cry of futility: to whom shall I speak and give warning that they might listen? Their ear is arelah - uncircumcised, and Rashi glosses the word simply as blocked, as every use of arelah means blocked. Radak refuses to let them off that easily: they make themselves as though their ear were stopped and they have no capacity to listen, which is a choice rather than a defect. The last clause is the deepest wound - the word of God has become cherpah to them, and as Radak puts it, what a man finds humiliating he does not wish to hear.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ืืขื™ื“ื”. ืœ' ื”ืชืจื': ืขืจืœื”. ืื˜ื•ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืœ' ืขืจืœื”: ืœื—ืจืคื”. ืžื—ืจืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•:
and warn Heb. ื•ืืขื™ื“ื”, an expression of warning. clogged Heb. ืขืจืœื”, clogged, and so is every expression of ืขืจืœื”. a disgrace They deride it.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื ยท Verse 11

Hebrew:

ื•ึฐืึตืชึฉ ื—ึฒืžึทึจืช ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึคื”โ€‰ื€โ€‰ืžึธืœึตึ™ืืชึดื™ึ™ ื ึดืœึฐืึตึฃื™ืชึดื™ ื”ึธื›ึดึ”ื™ืœ ืฉืึฐืคึนึคืšึฐ ืขึทืœึพืขื•ึนืœึธืœึ™ ื‘ึผึทื—ึ”ื•ึผืฅ ื•ึฐืขึทึ›ืœ ืกึฅื•ึนื“ ื‘ึผึทื—ื•ึผืจึดึ–ื™ื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธึ‘ื• ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพื’ึทืึพืึดึคื™ืฉื ืขึดืึพืึดืฉืึผึธื”ึ™ ื™ึดืœึผึธื›ึตึ”ื“ื•ึผ ื–ึธืงึตึ–ืŸ ืขึดืึพืžึฐืœึตึฅื ื™ึธืžึดึฝื™ืืƒ

English:

But I am filled with GODโ€™s wrath, I cannot hold it in. Pour it on the infant in the street, And on the company of youths gathered together! Yes, men and women alike shall be captured, Elders and those of advanced years.

Yirmiyahu is filled with divine wrath and worn out with containing it; the command comes to pour it out on the infant in the street and the gathering of young men, on husband with wife, elder with the one full of days. Rashi explains hakil as 'to contain' and glosses melei yamim as one nearer death than even a zaken, so that the list runs the entire span of a life. Metzudat David reads nil'eiti hachil as the prophet's exhaustion from bearing the pain of what he sees, and Radak notes that the sod bachurim - a company banded together in one counsel - will find that their numbers and their strength avail them nothing.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ืืช ื—ืžืช ื”' ืžืœืืชื™. ืœื‘ื™ ืžืœื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืžืช ื”' ืขืœื™ื”ื: ื”ื›ื™ืœ. ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืฉื•ืคืจื™"ืจ ื‘ืœืขื–: ืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืœ. ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืฉื•ืง: ืžืœื ื™ืžื™ื. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ืงืŸ:
Therefore, I am full of the fury of the Lord My heart is full of the prophecy of the coming of the fury of the Lord upon them. containing Heb. ื”ื›ื™ืœ, like ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ, to contain ([a]souffrir in O.F.), to tolerate. to pour it out upon the babes to pour it upon the sucklings. in the street in the market. one full of days i.e., one close to death, older than 'an old man.'

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื‘ ยท Verse 12

Hebrew:

ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทึคื‘ึผื•ึผ ื‘ึธึฝืชึผึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ืœึทืึฒื—ึตืจึดึ”ื™ื ืฉื‚ึธื“ึฅื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื ึธืฉืึดึ–ื™ื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธึ‘ื• ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืึทื˜ึผึถึงื” ืึถืชึพื™ึธื“ึดึ›ื™ ืขึทืœึพื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตึฅื™ ื”ึธืึธึ–ืจึถืฅ ื ึฐืึปืึพื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

Their houses shall pass to others, Fields and wives as well, For I will stretch out My arm Against the inhabitants of the country โ€”declares GOD.

The dispossession is total: houses turned over to strangers, fields and wives alike, because God stretches out His hand against the inhabitants of the land. Metzudat David notes that yachdav means it all goes at once, in a single stroke, and reads the outstretched hand as a figure of speech for striking. The verse is the exact inversion of the covenantal promise of houses one did not build and vineyards one did not plant - here it is Israel's own that pass to others.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื•. ื™ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื:
fields and wives together shall be turned over to others.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื’ ยท Verse 13

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึดึคื™ ืžึดืงึผึฐื˜ึทื ึผึธืึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึพื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธึ”ื ื›ึผึปืœึผึ–ื•ึน ื‘ึผื•ึนืฆึตึฃืขึท ื‘ึผึธึ‘ืฆึทืข ื•ึผืžึดื ึผึธื‘ึดื™ืึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึพื›ึผึนื”ึตึ”ืŸ ื›ึผึปืœึผึ–ื•ึน ืขึนึฅืฉื‚ึถื” ืฉืึผึธึฝืงึถืจืƒ

English:

For from the smallest to the greatest, They are all greedy for gain; Priest and prophet alike, They all act falsely.

The corruption is shown to run the full social range in both directions: from the least to the greatest all are greedy for gain, from prophet to priest all deal falsely. Rashi glosses botzea batza as seizing money by force. Metzudat David identifies the navi as a prophet of the Ba'al and the kohen as a priest of the bamot; Radak allows both that reading and the harsher one that even the Levitical priests were corrupt, and draws the measure-for-measure conclusion - just as all of them sinned, all of them will be struck.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฆืข. ืื•ื ืก ืžืžื•ืŸ:
commit robbery rob money.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื“ ยท Verse 14

Hebrew:

ื•ึทึฝื™ึฐืจึทืคึผึฐืึžื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืฉืึถึคื‘ึถืจ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ึ™ ืขึทืœึพื ึฐืงึทืœึผึธึ”ื” ืœึตืืžึนึ–ืจ ืฉืึธืœึฃื•ึนืโ€‰ื€โ€‰ืฉืึธืœึ‘ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึตึ–ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœึฝื•ึนืืƒ

English:

They offer healing offhand For the wounds of My people, Saying, โ€œAll is well, all is well,โ€ When nothing is well.

One of the most quoted verses in Nevi'im, and a charge of medical malpractice on a national scale: they heal the fracture of My people lightly, saying peace, peace, when there is no peace. Rashi puts the mechanism plainly - it is easy for false prophets to get the words out of their mouths and say 'you shall have peace,' and with that speech they treat the catastrophe that is coming. Metzudat David sharpens it: what they actually cure is not the wound but the worry, removing from the people's hearts the dread of the approaching evil. Radak notes that al nekalah means a cheap word with nothing behind it, and that the enemy was arriving day after day even as they said it.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืขืœ ื ืงืœื”. ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื”ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ:
easily It is easy for the false prophets to pronounce with their mouths and to say, "You shall have peace," and with this thing they heal with their speech the breach destined to come upon them.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืดื• ยท Verse 15

Hebrew:

ื”ึนื‘ึดึ•ื™ืฉืื•ึผ ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ืชื•ึนืขึตื‘ึธึ–ื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึ‘ื•ึผ ื’ึผึทืึพื‘ึผึฃื•ึนืฉื ืœึนึฝืึพื™ึตื‘ึ—ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผ ื’ึผึทืึพื”ึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืึ™ ืœึนึฃื ื™ึธื“ึธึ”ืขื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึตึžืŸ ื™ึดืคึผึฐืœึงื•ึผ ื‘ึทื ึผึนืคึฐืœึดึ›ื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตืชึพืคึผึฐืงึทื“ึฐืชึผึดึฅื™ื ื™ึดื›ึผึธืฉืึฐืœึ–ื•ึผ ืึธืžึทึฅืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึฝื”ืƒย {ืก} ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

English:

They have acted shamefully; They have done abhorrent thingsโ€” Yet they do not feel shame, And they cannot be made to blush. Assuredly, they shall fall among the falling, They shall stumble at the time when I punish them โ€”said GOD.

They committed abomination and were not ashamed; they no longer even know how to be humiliated, and so they will fall among the fallen when the reckoning comes. Radak reads the opening as a question of astonishment - when they did this abomination, were they ashamed? - and explains gam hachlim lo yada'u as an inability to register humiliation even when someone shames them for their conduct. Rashi glosses hachlim as though it were lehachlim and states flatly that they are not embarrassed by their evil deeds. A society can survive doing wrong; the loss of the capacity to blush is what makes the wrong permanent.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•. ืขืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื‘ื”ืช: ื”ื›ืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื›ืœื™ื: ื’ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื•. ืื™ื ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื:
They should be ashamed Heb. ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•, they should be ashamed [from Jonathan]. to feel disgrace Heb. ื”ื›ืœื™ื, like ืœื”ื›ืœื™ื. Neither are they ashamed They are not ashamed of their evil deeds.

ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืดื– ยท Verse 16

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึนึฃื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึกื” ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผึฉ ืขึทืœึพื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึดึจื™ื ื•ึผืจึฐืึœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฉืึทืึฒืœึฃื•ึผโ€‰ื€ ืœึดื ึฐืชึดื‘ึฃื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืœึธึ—ื ืึตื™ึพื–ึถึจื” ื“ึถึคืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึ™ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผึพื‘ึธึ”ื”ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืฆึฐืึฅื•ึผ ืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึ–ื•ึนืขึท ืœึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐื›ึถึ‘ื ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจึ–ื•ึผ ืœึนึฅื ื ึตืœึตึฝืšึฐืƒ

English:

Thus said GOD: Stand by the roads and consider, Inquire about ancient paths: Which is the road to happiness? Travel it, and find tranquility for yourselves. But they said, โ€œWe will not.โ€

The most quoted verse in the chapter and among the most quoted in all of Nevi'im: stand at the crossroads and look, ask for the ancient paths, which is the good way, and walk in it, and find rest for your souls - and they said, we will not walk. Radak's reading is the fullest: stand in your own understanding between the good road and the bad, look with your intelligence, exactly as Eliyahu said on Carmel, how long will you leap between two opinions. He makes the two tests explicit - reason, working out for yourselves which road is good, and tradition, asking about the generations that came before, as Moshe said she'al avicha v'yagedcha. Rashi glosses margoa simply as menuchah, rest, so the good way is offered as the road on which a soul can stop being afraid; the answer is two words, lo nelech, and Radak supplies the tone - we will not even investigate, since what we hold is good in our eyes.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืžืจื’ื•ืข. ืžื ื•ื—ื”:
rest Heb. ืžืจื’ื•ืข.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื– ยท Verse 17

Hebrew:

ื•ึทื”ึฒืงึดืžึนืชึดึคื™ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถืึ™ ืฆึนืคึดึ”ื™ื ื”ึทืงึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ื‘ื•ึผ ืœึฐืงึฃื•ึนืœ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธึ‘ืจ ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจึ–ื•ึผ ืœึนึฅื ื ึทืงึฐืฉืึดึฝื™ื‘ืƒ

English:

And I raised up lookouts for you: โ€œHearken to the sound of the horn!โ€ But they said, โ€œWe will not.โ€

The same structure repeats with the watchmen: I set lookouts over you, listen for the sound of the shofar - and they said, we will not listen. Rashi explains the military image at length, that in time of danger men are posted on the towers and one who sees a troop approaching blows a shofar so the people can arm and man the wall, and so God posted prophets to sound the alarm. Radak identifies the tzofim as the true prophets and has them saying, look how the false prophets guarantee you peace on nothing; the reply, he notes, was that we are in Yerushalayim and will be safe. Two refusals stand side by side in verses 16 and 17 - of the road and of the alarm - and together they are the chapter's verdict.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื ื’ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืชื•ืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœื”ื—ืœืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•' ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื›ื ืฉืชื ืฆืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื•ืคืจ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืฆื•: ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืชื™. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืช"ื™ ื•ืืงื™ืžื™ืช, ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื˜"ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื–:
And I have stationed lookouts over you That is that they station men on the towers at the time of strife. A man looks and sees. If a troop is approaching the city he sounds a shophar and warns the people to arm and to come on the wall. I too appointed prophets who inform you about the impending retribution to alert yourselves and to mend your ways so that you be saved and that is like the shophar sounded by the lookout. Hearken to the sound of this shophar and arm yourselves. And I have stationed Heb. ื•ื”ืงืžื•ืชื™. This means: I have already stationed for them. And so did Jonathan render: ื•ืืงื™ืžื™ืช, and I stationed. lookouts (Badetes in O.F.).

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื— ยท Verse 18

Hebrew:

ืœึธื›ึตึ–ืŸ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขึฃื•ึผ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ‘ื ื•ึผื“ึฐืขึดึฅื™ ืขึตื“ึธึ–ื” ืึถืชึพืึฒืฉืึถืจึพื‘ึผึธึฝืืƒ

English:

Hear well, O nations, And know, O community, what is in store for them.

With Israel refusing to listen, the address turns outward: hear, O nations, and know, O congregation, what is among them. Rashi glosses et asher bam as the evil that is in their hands. Radak reads the summons as making the nations witnesses to the justice of what is about to happen, and takes edah as the congregation of Israel being told to know its own sins, comparing re'i darkech. The prophet who cannot get a hearing at home calls the world into the courtroom instead.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื. ืืช ื”ืจืขื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื:
what is within them i.e., the evil that is in their hands.

ืคืกื•ืง ื™ืดื˜ ยท Verse 19

Hebrew:

ืฉืึดืžึฐืขึดึฃื™ ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ ื”ึดื ึผึตึจื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดึœื™ ืžึตื‘ึดึฅื™ื ืจึธืขึธึ›ื” ืึถืœึพื”ึธืขึธึฅื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ–ื” ืคึผึฐืจึดึฃื™ ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืชึธึ‘ื ื›ึผึดึคื™ ืขึทืœึพื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึทื™ึ™ ืœึนึฃื ื”ึดืงึฐืฉืึดึ”ื™ื‘ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธืชึดึ–ื™ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืึฒืกื•ึผึพื‘ึธึฝื”ึผืƒ

English:

Hear, O earth! I am going to bring disaster upon this people, The outcome of their own schemes; For they would not hearken to My words, And they rejected My Instruction.

Hear, O earth: I am bringing evil on this people, the fruit of their own schemes, because they did not listen to My words and rejected My Torah. Radak explains why the earth and not the heavens are called as witness - because it is the earth that will lie desolate for their sin - and clarifies that peri machshevotam does not mean punishment for thoughts alone but for the deeds that grow out of them, from the assumption that God does not see. Rashi treats the odd syntax of v'torati vayim'asu vah as a familiar biblical construction, and Radak adds a historical detail: in Yoshiyahu's day the discovery of the sefer Torah was a novelty to them, because they had already forgotten it.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืคืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื. ืฉื›ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื: ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื™ืžืืกื• ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื–ื™ ื•ื–ืžืจืช ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ืดื•:ื‘ืณ) ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืžืืกื• ื‘ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงืจืื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ:
the fruit of their thoughts the retribution for their thoughts. and they rejected My instruction Heb. ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื™ืžืืกื• ื‘ื”. This follows the pattern of (Exodus 15:2) "The strength and destruction of God was my salvation (ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”)," for he should have said: ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”. So too, here it should have said, ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืžืืกื• ื‘ื”, but it is the style of Scripture to speak in this manner.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืณ ยท Verse 20

Hebrew:

ืœึธืžึผึธื”ึพื–ึผึถึจื” ืœึดึคื™ ืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ึธื”ึ™ ืžึดืฉืึผึฐื‘ึธึฃื ืชึธื‘ึ”ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืงึธื ึถึฅื” ื”ึทื˜ึผึ–ื•ึนื‘ ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืžึถืจึฐื—ึธึ‘ืง ืขึนืœึฝื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถืึ™ ืœึนึฃื ืœึฐืจึธืฆึ”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื–ึดื‘ึฐื—ึตื™ื›ึถึ–ื ืœึนืึพืขึธึฅืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึดึฝื™ืƒ

English:

What need have I of frankincense That comes from Sheba, Or fragrant cane from a distant land? Your burnt offerings are not acceptable And your sacrifices are not pleasing to Me.

The cult is not attacked so much as declared beside the point: what use to Me is frankincense from Sheva and sweet cane from a distant land, when your burnt offerings are not acceptable? Radak's explanation is exact - these spices had to be imported because they were not found in Eretz Yisrael, and the ketoret was brought to make the offering fit; so if the offering itself is unwanted, why go to the expense of importing what was meant to qualify it? Metzudat David reads the question as one of nachat ruach: there is no pleasure in it for Me. The logic is Shmuel's hineh shemoa mizevach tov, applied to a Temple still standing.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”. ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื‘ื ื‘ืื”: ืœื ืขืจื‘ื•. ืœื ื ืขืžื•:
Why do I need frankincense that you offer up to Me, that comes from Sheba? are not pleasant Heb. ืขืจื‘ื•ึผ.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื ยท Verse 21

Hebrew:

ืœึธื›ึตึ—ืŸ ื›ึผึนึšื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ”ื” ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดึฅื™ ื ึนืชึตึ›ืŸ ืึถืœึพื”ึธืขึธึฅื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ–ื” ืžึดื›ึฐืฉืึนืœึดึ‘ื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธึฃืฉืึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึธึ ื ืึธื‘ึจื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึดึฅื™ื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธึ›ื• ืฉืึธื›ึตึฅืŸ ื•ึฐืจึตืขึ–ื•ึน (ื™ืื‘ื“ื•) [ื•ึฐืึธื‘ึธึฝื“ื•ึผ] ืƒย {ืค}

English:

Assuredly, thus said GOD: I shall put before this people stumbling blocks Over which they shall stumbleโ€” Parents and children alike, Neighbor and friend shall perish.

Because the way was refused, God will place stumbling blocks before this people, and fathers and sons together, neighbor and friend, will perish. Radak reads the pairing as a portrait of a society in which nobody warns anybody - the father will not warn the son nor the son the father, the man will not warn his neighbor or his business partner, because each one wants his fellow's ruin - and so they all fall together. Metzudat David makes the same point domestically: when the stumbling block enters the house, everyone in it stumbles over it at once.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื‘ ยท Verse 22

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึนึšื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ”ื” ื”ึดื ึผึตึ›ื” ืขึทึฅื ื‘ึผึธึ–ื ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืฆึธืคึ‘ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื’ึฃื•ึนื™ ื’ึผึธื“ึ”ื•ึนืœ ื™ึตืขึ–ื•ึนืจ ืžึดื™ึผึทืจึฐื›ึผึฐืชึตื™ึพืึธึฝืจึถืฅืƒ

English:

Thus said GOD: See, a people comes from the northland, A great nation is roused From the remotest parts of the earth.

The invader is announced again in formal oracle language: a people is coming from the land of the north, a great nation stirred from the ends of the earth. Metzudat David identifies the northern land as Bavel and reads ye'or as being roused to come from the far end of the world. Radak makes the theology explicit - I am the one who rouses him, since he would not otherwise stir himself to march on so distant a country - so that the empire's ambition is itself an instrument.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื’ ยท Verse 23

Hebrew:

ืงึถึฃืฉืึถืช ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ื“ึžื•ึนืŸ ื™ึทื—ึฒื–ึดึ—ื™ืงื•ึผ ืึทื›ึฐื–ึธืจึดึฅื™ ื”ื•ึผืึ™ ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ื™ึฐืจึทื—ึตึ”ืžื•ึผ ืงื•ึนืœึธืึ™ ื›ึผึทื™ึผึธึฃื ื™ึถื”ึฑืžึถึ”ื” ื•ึฐืขึทืœึพืกื•ึผืกึดึ–ื™ื ื™ึดืจึฐื›ึผึธึ‘ื‘ื•ึผ ืขึธืจึ—ื•ึผืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืึดื™ืฉืึ™ ืœึทืžึผึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธึ”ื” ืขึธืœึทึ–ื™ึดืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืชึพืฆึดื™ึผึฝื•ึนืŸืƒ

English:

They grasp the bow and javelin; They are cruel, they show no mercy; The sound of them is like the roaring sea. They ride upon horses, Accoutered like a man for battle, Against you, O Fair Zion!

The portrait of the invader: bow and javelin in hand, cruel and without mercy, their noise like the roaring sea, mounted on horses and drawn up like one man for battle against you, bat Tziyon. Radak notes that each soldier carries two weapons and that the force includes cavalry, not infantry alone, which makes its war far more formidable; he explains arukh k'ish as the astonishing discipline of a mass army in which every individual is equipped as carefully as a single duelist. Metzudat David reads kayam yehemeh as the sea roaring through its crashing waves - the same sea that in the previous chapter could not cross the line God drew for it, here let loose.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื•. ื™ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื• (ืฉื ื“) ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงืชื ื™ ืื—ื–ืชื ื™:
They will grasp Heb. ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื•, they will take. Comp. (Exodus 4:4) "And he stretched out his hand and took it (ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง)." Comp. also (infra verse 24) "trouble grasped us (ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงืชื ื•ึผ) held us."

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื“ ยท Verse 24

Hebrew:

ืฉืึธืžึทึฅืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืฉืื‡ืžึฐืขึ–ื•ึน ืจึธืคึฃื•ึผ ื™ึธื“ึตึ‘ื™ื ื•ึผ ืฆึธืจึธื”ึ™ ื”ึถื—ึฑื–ึดืงึทึ”ืชึฐื ื•ึผ ื—ึดึ–ื™ืœ ื›ึผึทื™ึผึฝื•ึนืœึตื“ึธึฝื”ืƒ

English:

โ€œWe have heard the report of them, Our hands fail; Pain seizes us, Agony like a woman in childbirth.

The voice shifts abruptly to the first person plural: we have heard the report of him, our hands go slack, anguish grips us, writhing like a woman in labor. Radak observes that the prophet includes himself among those who tremble at his own words - the 'we' is Yirmiyahu together with the Israelites who take the warning seriously. The birth-pang image is standard in the prophets for terror, but here it carries an added bitterness, since labor pain at least ends in a child.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื” ยท Verse 25

Hebrew:

ืึทืœึพ[ืชึผึตึฝืฆึฐืื•ึผึ™] (ืชืฆืื™) ื”ึทืฉื‚ึผึธื“ึถึ”ื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื“ึผึถึ–ืจึถืšึฐ ืึทืœึพ[ืชึผึตืœึตึ‘ื›ื•ึผ] (ืชืœื›ื™) ื›ึผึดึšื™ ื—ึถึฃืจึถื‘ ืœึฐืึนื™ึตึ”ื‘ ืžึธื’ึ–ื•ึนืจ ืžึดืกึผึธื‘ึดึฝื™ื‘ืƒ

English:

Do not go out into the country, Do not walk the roads! For the sword of the enemy is there, Terror on every side.โ€

Do not go out into the field, do not walk on the road, for the enemy has a sword and there is terror on every side. Radak notes the ketiv-keri shift from feminine singular to plural - addressed first to the community as a whole and then to its individuals - and explains that the sword waits outside for anyone who leaves. Rashi records that magor means fear, and cites an alternative reading as an expression of gathering, from megurei el charev, which is how the Targum takes it. Magor misaviv becomes one of Yirmiyahu's signature phrases and will later be turned on the man who strikes him.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืžื’ื•ืจ. ื™ืจืื”, ืœ"ื ืœ' ืืกื™ืคื” ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืืœ ื—ืจื‘ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ืดื:ื™ืดื–) ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ:
there is fear Heb. ืžื’ื•ืจ. Another explanation: An expression of gathering. Comp. (Ezekiel 21: 17) "Gathered (ืžื’ื•ืจื™) to the sword." And in this manner Jonathan renders it.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื• ยท Verse 26

Hebrew:

ื‘ึผึทืชึพืขึทืžึผึดึคื™ ื—ึดื’ึฐืจึดื™ึพืฉื‚ึธืงึ™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐืคึผึทืœึผึฐืฉืึดึฃื™ ื‘ึธืึตึ”ืคึถืจ ืึตึคื‘ึถืœ ื™ึธื—ึดื™ื“ึ™ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดึฃื™ ืœึธึ”ืšึฐ ืžึดืกึฐืคึผึทึ–ื“ ืชึผึทืžึฐืจื•ึผืจึดึ‘ื™ื ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ืคึดืชึฐืึนึ”ื ื™ึธื‘ึนึฅื ื”ึทืฉืึผึนื“ึตึ–ื“ ืขึธืœึตึฝื™ื ื•ึผืƒ

English:

My poor people, Put on sackcloth And strew dust on yourselves! Mourn, as for an only child; Wail bitterly, For suddenly the destroyer Is coming upon us.

Daughter of my people, put on sackcloth and roll in ashes, make yourself mourning as for an only child, a bitter lamentation, for suddenly the destroyer comes upon us. Rashi defines evel yachid precisely - the mourning of a man who has one son and no other, and he dies - which is the sharpest grief the language has a word for. Radak says the mourning is to begin now, before the blow lands, because ki fitom yavo, you will not know the hour. Rashi's last gloss is the most startling in the chapter: aleinu, upon us, kivyachol, so to speak, upon Me and upon you.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื•ื”ืชืคืœืฉื™. ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื™: ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืช: ืžืกืคื“ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื ืงื•ื“ ืžืกืคื“ ื‘ืคืชื— ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืงื•ื“ ืžืกืคื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™: ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ ื•ืขืœื™ืš:
and roll Heb. ื•ื”ืชืคืœืฉื™. a mourning [as] for an only child A mourning for an only son; one who has only one son and he dies. a bitter lamentation Heb. ืžืกืคื“ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื. Since it is the construct state, it is vowelized ืžืกืคื“ with a 'pattah,' and it is not vowelized ืžืกืคื“ with a 'tzere.' upon us So to speak, upon Me and upon you.

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื– ยท Verse 27

Hebrew:

ื‘ึผึธื—ึ›ื•ึนืŸ ื ึฐืชึทืชึผึดึฅื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐืขึทืžึผึดึ–ื™ ืžึดื‘ึฐืฆึธึ‘ืจ ื•ึฐืชึตื“ึทึ•ืข ื•ึผื‘ึธื—ึทื ึฐืชึผึธึ– ืึถืชึพื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึผึธึฝืืƒ

English:

I have made you an assayer of My people โ€”A refiner โ€” You are to note and assay their ways.

God turns to the prophet with his job description: I have made you bachon, an assayer, among My people, a fortress, that you may know and test their way. Rashi and Radak both take bachon as a word for strength, a watchtower, comparing ofel u'vachan and hekimu vechunav, and Radak ties it directly to the charge at Yirmiyahu's ordination, hineh netaticha hayom l'ir mivtzar - do not be afraid of them. Then the same root swings into its other sense, uvachanta et darkam, which Radak explicitly calls lashon nofel al lashon: the fortified man becomes the refiner who tests metal, and the last three verses of the chapter run on that image.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชืชื™ืš. ืœื™ืจืžื™ื” ื ืืžืจ ื—ื–ืง ื ืชืชื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืชื“ืข ื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืชื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื•, ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœ' ื—ื•ื–ืง ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืคืœ ื•ื‘ื—ืŸ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœืดื‘:ื™ืดื“) ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื• (ืฉื ื›ื’):
I have made you the strong one This was said to Jeremiah. I have made you the strong one in their midst, and you shall know and test their way, that he tested them and they will not heed. ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ is an expression of strength. Comp. (Isa. 32:14) "rampart and tower (ื‘ื—ืŸ)," also (ibid. 23:13) "they erected its towers (ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื•)."

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื— ยท Verse 28

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืึ™ ืกึธืจึตึฃื™ ืกื•ึนืจึฐืจึดึ”ื™ื ื”ึนืœึฐื›ึตึฅื™ ืจึธื›ึดึ–ื™ืœ ื ึฐื—ึนึฃืฉืึถืช ื•ึผื‘ึทืจึฐื–ึถึ‘ืœ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธึฅื ืžึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืชึดึ–ื™ื ื”ึตึฝืžึผึธื”ืƒ

English:

They are copper and iron: They are all stubbornly defiant; They deal basely All of them act corruptly.

The assay result: all of them stubbornly rebellious, going about as talebearers, bronze and iron, all of them corrupt. Rashi records two readings of holchei rachil nechoshet uvarzel - that they carry slander between bronze and iron, meaning they sow hatred between powerful men who can do each other real harm, and his own preferred reading, that they are talebearers as hard as bronze and iron in maintaining their lies. Radak takes the metals as officers and servants working as one alloy, since bronze was smelted with iron precisely because iron alone will not hold a working edge. Metzudat David reads the pairing as a weapon, ready to destroy people the way a blade of mixed metal is fearsomely strong.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ืกืจื™ ืกื•ืจืจื™ื. ืกืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš: ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ืื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื— ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืžืขืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื™"ืช ืจื›ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืœ' ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ื™ืœื• ื›ืžื ื“ืžืขืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉ ืขื ืคืจื–ืœื, ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœ' ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืžื™ืชื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืดื–:ื™ืดื—):
extremely perverse Turning away from the road. going tale bearing between copper and iron. They introduce hatred between two princes who have the power to provoke one another. That is what I heard. But I say, they are tale bearers, and they are as strong as copper and iron to maintain their falsehood. Jonathan, however, renders this word ืจื›ื™ืœ as an expression of guile (ื ื•ื›ืœ). They go with guile as one mixes copper with iron. ื ื•ื›ืœ is an expression of plot. Comp. (Gen. 37:18) "And they plotted (ื•ื™ืชื ื›ืœื•) against him to slay him."

ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืดื˜ ยท Verse 29

Hebrew:

ื ึธื—ึทึฃืจ ืžึทืคึผึปึ”ื—ึท (ืžืืฉืชื) [ืžึตืึตึ–ืฉื ืชึผึทึฃื] ืขึนืคึธึ‘ืจึถืช ืœึทืฉืึผึธื•ึฐืึ™ ืฆึธืจึทึฃืฃ ืฆึธืจึ”ื•ึนืฃ ื•ึฐืจึธืขึดึ–ื™ื ืœึนึฅื ื ึดืชึผึธึฝืงื•ึผืƒ

English:

The bellows puff; The lead is consumed by fire. Yet the smelter smelts to no purposeโ€” The dross is not separated out.

The refining fails: the bellows is scorched, the lead entirely consumed by fire, the smelter has smelted for nothing, and the dross is not separated out. Rashi and Metzudat David describe the process - lead is placed in the crucible with the silver to draw off the impurities - and read the result as the prophets laboring to rebuke and getting nowhere. Radak makes the allegory unbearable by naming the parts: the bellows is the prophet, and more exactly his mouth and his throat, and the blowing is his speech, so what has been burned through by all this refining is Yirmiyahu himself, calling early and late until his throat is raw while the ra'im remain unmelted.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื ื—ืจ ืžืคื•ื—. ืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื ื•ืคื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ื— ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืฃ ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืฃ ืืชื›ื ื”ืžืคื•ื— ื ื—ืจ ื•ื ื—ืจืš ืžื›ื— ื”ืืฉ ื•ืชื ื”ืขื•ืคืจืช ื›ื•ืœื•, ื ื—ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืจื” ืืคื• (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœืดื‘:ื‘ืณ) ื•ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ืจื” ืžื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ (ืฉื ืœ) ืื™ืฉืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื–: ืœืฉื•ื. ืขืœ ื—ื ื ืฆืจืฃ ื”ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ: ื•ืจืขื™ื ืœื ื ืชืงื•. ืžื“ืจื›ื ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ื’ืขื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื•: ื ืชืงื•. ืคื•ืจืฆื˜ืจืืงื™"ืฅ ื‘ืœืขื–, (ื "ื ื•ืจืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืกื"ื):
The bellows is heated This is an allegory. When they refine silver, they blow with a bellows, and they always put lead into the crucible, which helps for the refining. But youโ€”I have come to refine you. The bellows is heated and parched because of the fire, and the lead is completely consumed. ื ื—ืจ is an expression related to (Job 42:7) "My wrath has been kindled (ื—ืจื”)"; (ibid. 30:30) "And my bones are burned (ื—ืจื”) with heat," (esrast in O.F.). in vain In vain does the founder refine, for it is of no avail and the wicked ones have not been separated from their evil way. That is to say that the prophets toiled to reprove, but it did not avail them. Separated Heb. ื ืชืงื•, (furent de... in O.F.). (Another version:) and the wicked ones. This is like ืจืฉืขื™ื.

ืคืกื•ืง ืœืณ ยท Verse 30

Hebrew:

ื›ึผึถึฃืกึถืฃ ื ึดืžึฐืึธึ”ืก ืงึธืจึฐืึ–ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถึ‘ื ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืžึธืึทึฅืก ื™ึฐื”ึนื•ึธึ–ื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถึฝืืƒย {ืค}

English:

They are called โ€œrejected silver,โ€ For GOD has rejected them.

The chapter's last word: they are called rejected silver, for God has rejected them. Rashi's gloss is four words long and it is the saddest line in the chapter - silver that cannot be refined by any labor at all. Metzudat David and Radak both lay out the causal chain: they are named nim'as because the dross cannot be separated from them, and God rejected them because they would not be parted from their evil and would not return to good. Yet silver called nim'as is still silver, and a later prophet will speak of a refining that does succeed.
โ–ถCommentaries (1)
ืจืฉืดื™Rashi
ื›ืกืฃ ื ืžืืก. ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฆืจืฃ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื”:
Refuse silver which cannot be refined with any toil.

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